The importance of intravenous glucose tolerance test glucose stimulus for the evaluation of insulin secretion.

For 100 years, the Intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) has been used extensively in researching the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus and AIRg-the IVGTT-induced acute insulin response to the rapid rise in circulating glucose-is a key measure of insulin secretory capacity. For an effective evaluation of AIRg, IVGTT glucose loading should be adjusted for glucose distribution volume (gVOL) to provide an invariant, trend-free immediate rise in circulating glucose (ΔG0). Body weight-based glucose loads have been widely used but whether these achieve a trend-free ΔG0 does not appear to have been investigated.

Optimizing type 1 diabetes after multiple daily injections and capillary blood monitoring: Pump or sensor first? A meta-analysis using pooled differences in outcome measures.

Aims: Most people living with type 1 diabetes self-manage using multiple daily injection (MDI) insulin regimens and self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG). Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) are adjuncts to education and support self-management optimization. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess which first-line technology is most effective.

Improved glycaemia during the Covid-19 pandemic lockdown is sustained post-lockdown and during the "Eat Out to Help Out" Government Scheme, in adults with Type 1 diabetes in the United Kingdom.

Aims: The majority of studies report that the Covid-19 pandemic lockdown did not have a detrimental effect on glycaemia. We sought to explore the impact of lockdown on glycaemia and whether this is sustained following easing of restrictions.

Methods: Retrospective, observational analysis in adults and children with type 1 diabetes attending a UK specialist centre, using real-time or intermittently scanned continuous glucose monitoring.

Increasing glycaemia is associated with a significant decline in HDL cholesterol in women with prediabetes in two national populations.

Internationally, studies have shown associations between lipids and glycemia; however, whether the link varies by gender and population has been rarely examined. We investigated relationships between glycemia and HDL- and Non-HDL-cholesterol and their modification by gender. We undertook a cross-sectional analysis from the National Health Examination Survey for Thailand (NHES-Thailand) and the Health Survey for England (HS-England) in adults aged 18-75 year.

Mortality Risk in Patients With Adrenal Insufficiency Using Prednisolone or Hydrocortisone: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Context: Prednisolone has been recommended rather than hydrocortisone for glucocorticoid replacement in adrenal insufficiency due its longer duration of action and lower cost.

Objective: To determine mortality rates with prednisolone versus hydrocortisone.

Methods: In this observational study, we used data extracted from a UK primary care database (Clinical Practice Research Datalink) to measure the relative mortality of patients with primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency, who were treated with either prednisolone or hydrocortisone, and control individuals who were individually matched for age, sex, period, and place of follow-up.

Increased Mortality Risk in Patients With Primary and Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency.

Context: Mortality data in patients with adrenal insufficiency are inconsistent, possibly due to temporal and geographical differences between patients and their reference populations.

Objective: To compare mortality risk and causes of death in adrenal insufficiency with an individually matched reference population.

Methods: A retrospective cohort study was done using a UK general practitioner database (CPRD).

Cardiovascular Disease in Patients With Primary and Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency and the Role of Comorbidities.

Context: Mortality studies have established that cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in patients with adrenal insufficiency and the risk is greater than that observed in individually matched controls.

Objective: Here we have performed a detailed analysis of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, taking account of the role of comorbidities.

Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD), a UK general practitioner database.

A natural mutation in Pisum sativum L. (pea) alters starch assembly and improves glucose homeostasis in humans.

Elevated postprandial glucose (PPG) is a significant risk factor for non-communicable diseases globally. Currently, there is a limited understanding of how starch structures within a carbohydrate-rich food matrix interact with the gut luminal environment to control PPG. Here, we use pea seeds (Pisum sativum) and pea flour, derived from two near-identical pea genotypes (BC1/19RR and BC1/19rr) differing primarily in the type of starch accumulated, to explore the contribution of starch structure, food matrix and intestinal environment to PPG.

Effects of tibolone or continuous combined oestradiol and norethisterone acetate on lipids, high-density lipoprotein subfractions and apolipoproteins in postmenopausal women in a two-year, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Objective: To compare the effects of (a) tibolone, (b) continuous combined oestrogen plus progestogen and (c) placebo on plasma lipid and lipoprotein markers of cardiovascular risk in healthy postmenopausal women.

Study Design: Randomized, single-centre, placebo-controlled, double-blind study.

Patients: One hundred and one postmenopausal women were randomized (1:1:1) into one of three groups taking daily 2.

A pragmatic and scalable strategy using mobile technology to promote sustained lifestyle changes to prevent type 2 diabetes in India and the UK: a randomised controlled trial.

Aims/hypothesis: This randomised controlled trial was performed in India and the UK in people with prediabetes to study whether mobile phone short message service (SMS) text messages can be used to motivate and educate people to follow lifestyle modifications, to prevent type 2 diabetes.

Methods: The study was performed in people with prediabetes (n = 2062; control: n = 1031; intervention: n = 1031) defined by HbA ≥42 and ≤47 mmol/mol (≥6.0% and ≤6.

Individual and diabetes presentation characteristics associated with partial remission status in children and adults evaluated up to 12 months following diagnosis of type 1 diabetes: An ADDRESS-2 (After Diagnosis Diabetes Research Support System-2) study analysis.

Aims: People with recently-diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) may undergo a transient period of glycaemic control with less exogenous insulin. Identification of predictors of this 'remission' could inform a better understanding of glycaemic control.

Methods: Participants in the ADDRESS-2 study were included who had 1 or 2 assessments of remission status (coincident insulin dose and HbA1c measurement, with remission defined by ≤0.

Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes is Higher among Men with Persistent Impaired Glucose Tolerance than in Transient Impaired Glucose Tolerance - A 5 year Follow up Study.

Objective: This was a 5 year comparative analysis of the incidence of type 2 diabetes in men who had persistent impaired glucose tolerance (P-IGT) versus transient impaired glucose tolerance (T-IGT). P-IGT (positive IGT on two oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT), T-IGT (IGT in first OGTT and normal glucose tolerance (NGT) in the 2nd OGTT).

Methods: The samples were collected from a randomized controlled diabetes prevention study.

Metabolic health and vascular complications in type 1 diabetes.

Aims: Optimal glycaemic control benefits risk of microvascular and macrovascular complications in type 1 diabetes (T1DM) but the importance of other components of metabolic health is less certain, particularly in the context of routine clinical practice.

Methods: Data for this cross-sectional analysis derived from a database covering inner North West London adult diabetes clinics. People with T1DM and with complete information for height, weight, blood pressure and serum high and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c and LDL-c) and triglyceride concentration measurements were included.

Independent relationships between bone mineral density, regional body fat and insulin sensitivity in white males.

Background: Adiposity and insulin sensitivity may affect bone mineral density (BMD), but the confounding effect of weight hinders discrimination of independent associations. We explored whether regional fat masses and insulin sensitivity are independently related to BMD.

Materials And Methods: Relationships between total and regional body fat, insulin sensitivity and measures of BMD in 8 different regions were evaluated in a cross section of 590 generally healthy, white males, 274 of whom received measurement of insulin sensitivity (Si) using the intravenous glucose tolerance test.

Hyperglycemia recognised in early pregnancy is phenotypically type 2 diabetes mellitus not gestational diabetes mellitus: a case control study.

Gestational diabetes mellitus is defined as "diabetes recognized in the second or third trimester that is not clearly overt diabetes". Evidence relating to women with hyperglycemia early in pregnancy is limited. We aimed to evaluate women diagnosed with hyperglycemia early in pregnancy (eGDM) and compared them to those with pregestational established type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and gestational diabetes diagnosed routinely at 24-28-week gestation (rtGDM) to determine if the length of exposure to hyperglycemia adversely affected outcomes.

Cardiometabolic risk factors in Thai individuals with prediabetes treated in a high-risk, prevention clinic: Unexpected relationship between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and glycemia in men.

Aims/introduction: Relationships between cardiometabolic risk and glycemia have rarely been studied in people under clinical evaluation and treatment for cardiometabolic risk and with prediabetes. We investigated relationships between glycemia and cardiometabolic risk factors in clinic participants with prediabetes.

Materials And Methods: This was a cross-sectional analysis of data collected at a center in Thailand.

Protocol for a clinical trial of text messaging in addition to standard care versus standard care alone in prevention of type 2 diabetes through lifestyle modification in India and the UK.

Background: Type 2 diabetes is a serious clinical problem in both India and the UK. Adoption of a healthy lifestyle through dietary and physical activity modification can help prevent type 2 diabetes. However, implementing lifestyle modification programmes to high risk groups is expensive and alternative cheaper methods are needed.

The effects of kisspeptin on β-cell function, serum metabolites and appetite in humans.

Aims: To investigate the effect of kisspeptin on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and appetite in humans.

Materials And Methods: In 15 healthy men (age: 25.2 ± 1.

The post-trial analysis of the Indian SMS diabetes prevention study shows persistent beneficial effects of lifestyle intervention.

Aims: We had shown that mobile phone based text messaging was an effective tool to deliver lifestyle changes among Asian Indian men with a 36% relative risk reduction in incident diabetes over two years. The present analysis investigated whether beneficial effects of intervention on diabetes prevention persisted for an additional three years after withdrawal of active intervention.

Methods: The primary two year randomized controlled trial (2010-2012) compared lifestyle changes with use of automated text messaging reminders in the intervention (n = 271) versus standard care advice (n = 266) at baseline.

Relationship between islet autoantibody status and the clinical characteristics of children and adults with incident type 1 diabetes in a UK cohort.

Objectives: To describe the characteristics of children and adults with incident type 1 diabetes in contemporary, multiethnic UK, focusing on differences between the islet autoantibody negative and positive.

Design: Observational cohort study.

Setting: 146 mainly secondary care centres across England and Wales.

Skinfold thickness measurements and mortality in white males during 27.7 years of follow-up.

Introduction: Obesity is a major risk factor for mortality from a range of causes. We investigated whether skinfold measurements were associated with mortality independently of variation in body mass index (BMI).

Methods: A prospective analysis of mortality in 870 apparently healthy adult Caucasian men participating in an occupational health cohort was undertaken.

Fasting plasma glucose and variation in cardiometabolic risk factors in people with high-risk HbA1c-defined prediabetes: A cross-sectional multiethnic study.

Aims: Variation in cardiometabolic risk in prediabetes and any impacts of ethnicity on such variation have been little studied. In an ethnically diverse dataset, selected according to a high-risk HbA1c-based definition of prediabetes, we have investigated relationships between glycaemia and cardiometabolic risk factors and the influence of ethnicity on these relationships.

Methods: We undertook a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from a diabetes prevention study in the UK and a chronic care clinic in Thailand, selected for people without diabetes (fasting plasma glucose <7.

Rationale and protocol for the After Diabetes Diagnosis REsearch Support System (ADDRESS): an incident and high risk type 1 diabetes UK cohort study.

Introduction: Type 1 diabetes is heterogeneous in its presentation and progression. Variations in clinical presentation between children and adults, and with ethnic group warrant further study in the UK to improve understanding of this heterogeneity. Early interventions to limit beta cell damage in type 1 diabetes are undergoing evaluation, but recruitment is challenging.

The effect of hormone replacement therapy and tibolone on lipoprotein (a) concentrations in postmenopausal women: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective: Data on the effect of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and tibolone on lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)], an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, are heterogeneous and conflicting. Studies of the effect of HRT and tibolone on Lp(a) concentrations in post-menopausal women are reviewed in this meta-analysis.

Design And Methods: MEDLINE, Scopus, EMBASE and Cochrane databases were searched (up to February 10, 2017).