A new 3-dimensional method for measuring precision in surgical navigation and methods to optimize navigation accuracy.

Purpose: Description of a novel method for evaluation of pedicle screws in 3 dimensions utilizing O-arm(®) and StealthStation(®) navigation; identifying sources of error, and pearls for more precise screw placement.

Methods: O-arm and StealthStation navigation were utilized to place pedicle screws. Initial and final O-arm scans were performed, and the projected pedicle probe track, projected pedicle screw track, and final screw position were saved for evaluation.