Staff Observational Differences Between Depressive Disorders and Personality Disorders.

Introduction: Distinguishing those with a personality disorder from those with major depressive disorder (MDD) can be challenging, but establishing the correct diagnosis can direct appropriate management.

Aim: To identify whether behavioural themes differ between those with personality disorders from those with MDD, and how those differences might relate to a clinical team's perception of diagnosis.

Method: An observational study identifying all inpatients presenting with symptoms of depression.

A UK-wide survey of community forensic services for adults with intellectual disability and/or autism.

Background: Specialist forensic community teams for people with intellectual disability and/or autism have been developed, but little is known about their extent and delivery.

Aims: To describe specialist forensic community teams for people with intellectual disability and/or autism across the UK.

Method: An online survey was sent to representatives of each UK Trust/Health Board providing adult mental health and/or intellectual disability services.

What are the key influences and challenges around weight management faced by patients in UK adult secure mental health settings? A focused ethnographic approach.

Objectives: Excess weight is highly prevalent in secure (forensic) mental health services and impacts negatively on patients' physical and mental health. This study sought to identify the key influences and challenges around weight management in UK adult secure mental health settings.

Design: Qualitative focused ethnography.

Models of care in secure services for people with intellectual and developmental disability: Implementing the Walkway to Wellness.

Background: Changes to policy around inpatient services for people with intellectual and developmental disability (IDD) who offend, have led to a need for services to reconsider their models of care. This has led to calls for more tailored, patient-centred care models, with less reliance solely on offence-related treatment programmes which can be unsuitable for a growing proportion of patients with more complex cognitive and behavioural difficulties. In response, the Walkway to Wellness (W2W) was developed at one National Health Service Trust providing secure services to people with IDD, with the intention of delivering a more collaborative, co-produced and goal-oriented care model that was better understood by staff and patient stakeholders.

The Effects of Noninvasive Vagus Nerve Stimulation on Fatigue in Participants With Primary Sjögren's Syndrome.

Objectives: Fatigue is one of the most important symptoms needing improvement in Primary Sjögren's syndrome (PSS). Previous data from our group suggest that noninvasive stimulation of the vagus nerve (nVNS) may improve symptoms of fatigue. This experimental medicine study uses the gammaCore device (electroCore) and a sham device to investigate the relationship between nVNS and fatigue in PSS, and to explore potential mechanisms involved.

Severe mental illness, common mental disorders, and neurodevelopmental conditions amongst 9088 lower court attendees in London, UK.

Background: Court Mental Health Liaison and Diversion Services (CMHLDS) have developed in some countries as a response to the over-representation of mental illness and other vulnerabilities amongst defendants presenting to criminal justice (or correctional) systems. This study examined the characteristics and rates of mental disorder of 9088 defendants referred to CMHLDS.

Method: The study analysed service level data, obtained from the National Health Service's mental health data set, to examine characteristics relating to gender, ethnicity and comorbidity of common mental and neurodevelopmental disorders at five CMHLDS across London between September 2015 and April 2017.

The Penrose hypothesis in the second half of the 20th century: investigating the relationship between psychiatric bed numbers and the prison population in England between 1960 and 2018-2019.

Background: NHS Psychiatric beds comprise mental illness and intellectual disability beds. Penrose hypothesised that the number of psychiatric in-patients was inversely related to prison population size.

Aims: To ascertain whether the Penrose hypothesis held true in England between 1960 and 2018-2019.

Factors that influence psychiatric trainees' choice of higher training specialty: mixed-methods study.

Aims And Method: Factors influencing trainees' decisions about choosing and remaining in higher training subspecialties have not been widely researched. We administered telephone questionnaires to higher specialist trainees in the north-east of England to ascertain what influences these decisions. Thematic analysis was employed to develop overall constructs.

Evaluation of a liaison and diversion Court Mental Health Service for defendants with neurodevelopmental disorders.

Aim: Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) may present as neuropsychiatric problems as well as impairments of motor, cognitive, social and communication functioning. This study describes the introduction of a specialist service with expertise in NDD into an existing court mental health liaison and diversion service to determine if the service would impact on the health needs or disposal outcomes of defendants.

Methods: We examined referrals of defendants with NDD disorders over 30-months at a London Magistrates' Court.

Questionnaires used in complex trauma intervention evaluations and consideration of their utility for autistic adults with mild intellectual disability: A systematic review.

Introduction: Research suggests some trauma symptoms e.g. avoidance are difficult to recognise in autistic people with intellectual disability while arousal/emotional and interpersonal difficulties may be useful signals.

Revisiting vitamin D status and supplementation for in-patients with intellectual and developmental disability in the North of England, UK.

Aims And Method: To re-evaluate vitamin D testing and supplementation among in-patients with intellectual and developmental disability (IDD) and examine any correlates with physical health conditions, including COVID-19. Records of all in-patients between January 2019 and July 2020 (n = 78) were examined for 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) level, ward area, supplementation status, test seasonality, medication and health status.

Results: The mean 25(OH)D level for supplemented (800 IU/day) patients was 75 nmol/L (s.

The prevalence of mental illness and unmet needs of police custody detainees.

Background: Internationally, there is evidence of high rates of mental disorders amongst police custody detainees but this literature is limited, and there has been little research into the unmet needs of police detainees in the UK, or elsewhere. Such research could support better focussed interventions for improving health and recidivism outcomes.

Aim: To examine psychiatric and developmental morbidity amongst police detainees, and ascertain differences in need between morbidity categories.

Offenders with mental disorders in prison and the courts: links to rates of civil detentions and the number of psychiatric beds in England - longitudinal data from 1984 to 2016.

Background: The Mental Health Act in England and Wales allows for two types of detention in hospital: civil and forensic detentions. An association between the closure of mental illness beds and a rise in civil detentions has been reported.

Aims: To examine changes in the rate of court orders and transfer from prison to hospital for treatment, and explore associations with civil involuntary detentions, psychiatric bed numbers and the prison population.

Changes in the use of the Mental Health Act 1983 in England 1984/85 to 2015/16.

Background: Concerns have been raised about the increase in the use of involuntary detentions under the Mental Health Act in England over a number of years, and whether this merits consideration of legislative change.AimsTo investigate changes in the rate of detentions under Part II (civil) and Part III (forensic) sections of the Mental Health Act in England between 1984 and 2016.

Method: Retrospective analysis of data on involuntary detentions from the National Archives and NHS Digital.

Contextualising health screening risk assessments in police custody suites - qualitative evaluation from the HELP-PC study in London, UK.

Background: In the UK, police custody officers have a responsibility to screen for health morbidity and vulnerability among detainees. This study aimed to develop an understanding of the barriers to performing effective health screening in police custody suites, understand the impact of screening tools on practice within the custody suite, and to identify factors that could hinder or facilitate the future implementation of a new screening intervention in this environment.

Methods: A qualitative study was conducted alongside a quantitative evaluation of a novel screening tool.

Vitamin D in patients with intellectual and developmental disability in secure in-patient services in the North of England, UK.

Unlabelled: Aims and method To assess the benefits of the introduction of routine vitamin D serum sampling for all patients admitted to a secure in-patient hospital in the North of England providing medium security, low security and rehabilitation services for offenders with intellectual and developmental disability. The vitamin D levels of 100 patients were analysed at baseline. Those with insufficient or deficient levels were offered treatment and retested after 1 year.

The impact of transforming care on the care and safety of patients with intellectual disabilities and forensic needs.

NHS England recently published a national plan to develop community services for people with intellectual disabilities and autism who display challenging behaviour by using resources from the closure of a large number of hospital beds. An ambitious timescale has been set to implement this plan. The bed closure programme is moving ahead rapidly, but there has been little progress in developing community services to support it.

Too much detention? Street Triage and detentions under Section 136 Mental Health Act in the North-East of England: a descriptive study of the effects of a Street Triage intervention.

Objectives: To describe the impact of Street Triage (ST) on the number and rate of Section 136 Mental Health Act (S136) detentions in one NHS Mental Health and Disability Trust (Northumberland, Tyne and Wear (NTW)).

Design: Comparative descriptive study of numbers and rates of S136 detentions prior to and following the introduction of ST in NTW. More detailed data were obtained from one local authority in the NTW area.

Police custody health care: a review of health morbidity, models of care and innovations within police custody in the UK, with international comparisons.

This paper is a scoping review of the available evidence regarding health care issues in police custody. It describes the types and prevalence of health disorders encountered in custody and provides an overview of current practice and recent innovations in police custody health care. In contrast to the health of prisoners, the health of police custody detainees has, until recently, received little academic or clinical attention.

Health screening of people in police custody--evaluation of current police screening procedures in London, UK.

Background: Previous research has highlighted excess health morbidity in offender populations. A small number of studies have described health problems within police custody settings. The efficacy of police screening procedures has not been evaluated.

Health screening in police custody.

Background: There have been few previous studies on the health needs of police detainees. London's Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) uses health screening procedures which have not yet been evaluated. The objective of this study is to determine the extent of health problems and 'mental vulnerability' in detainees in police custody, and the efficacy of current health screening procedures.

The irregular xylem 2 mutant is an allele of korrigan that affects the secondary cell wall of Arabidopsis thaliana.

The irregular xylem 2 (irx2) mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana exhibits a cellulose deficiency in the secondary cell wall, which is brought about by a point mutation in the KORRIGAN (KOR) beta,1-4 endoglucanase (beta,1-4 EGase) gene. Measurement of the total crystalline cellulose in the inflorescence stem indicates that the irx2 mutant contains approximately 30% of the level present in the wild type (WT). Fourier-Transform Infra Red (FTIR) analysis, however, indicates that there is no decrease in cellulose in primary cell walls of the cortical and epidermal cells of the stem.