The safety and efficacy of the tetanus vaccine intramuscularly versus subcutaneously in anticoagulated patients: a randomized clinical trial.

Background: In patients treated with oral anticoagulants, subcutaneous injections of anti-tetanus vaccine are usually recommended to reduce the risk of bleeding, although the effectiveness of the vaccine has only been proven for intramuscular injection. The objective of this study was to compare the safety and efficacy of intramuscular and subcutaneous injections of tetanus-diphtheria vaccine in patients treated with oral anticoagulants.

Methods/design: We present a prospective, double blinded, clinical trial comparing two groups of patients with oral anticoagulants: one group was administered tetanus-diphtheria vaccine by intramuscular injection, while the other was administered the same vaccine by subcutaneous injection.

Miltefosine-cholesterol interactions: a monolayer study.

Mixed Langmuir monolayers of miltefosine (hexadecylphosphocholine) and cholesterol have been investigated by recording surface pressure-area (pi-A) isotherms at different subphase pHs (2, 6, and 10) and temperatures (10, 20, 25, and 30 degrees C). The change of both pH and temperature within the investigated range does not modify significantly the behavior of mixed films. The most pronounced effect involves condensation of the miltefosine monolayer by cholesterol, which diminishes in the following order: pH 6 > pH 2 > pH 10.

Interactions between the ganglioside GM1 and hexadecylphosphocholine (miltefosine) in monolayers at the air/water interface.

The ganglioside, GM1, was studied as Langmuir monolayers at the air/water interface with surface pressure-area measurements in addition to Brewster angle microscopy. A characteristic plateau transition, observed on aqueous subphases of pH 2 and 6, 20 degrees C, at the surface pressure of ca. 20 mN/m, was attributed to the reorientation of GM1 polar group upon film compression.