Functional characterization of genes encoding cadmium pumping P-type ATPases in and .

Several P-type ATPases are important Cd/Cu pumps in species, and they are tightly associated with the heavy metal stress tolerance of these ascomycetous fungi. To better understand the roles of the two P-type ATPases, CrpA Cd/Cu pump (orthologue of the Cd/Cu pump) and PcaA Cd pump (orthologue of the Pca1 Cd pump), we have generated individual mutants and characterized their heavy metal susceptibilities. The deletion of CrpA in has led to the increased sensitivity of the fungus to stresses induced by Zn, Fe, or the combination of oxidative-stress-inducing menadione sodium bisulfite and Fe.

Comparative analysis identifies exonic splicing regulatory sequences--The complex definition of enhancers and silencers.

Exonic splicing regulatory sequences (ESRs) are cis-acting factor binding sites that regulate constitutive and alternative splicing. A computational method based on the conservation level of wobble positions and the overabundance of sequence motifs between 46,103 human and mouse orthologous exons was developed, identifying 285 putative ESRs. Alternatively spliced exons that are either short in length or contain weak splice sites show the highest conservation level of those ESRs, especially toward the edges of exons.

Comparative analysis detects dependencies among the 5' splice-site positions.

Human-mouse comparative genomics is an informative tool to assess sequence functionality as inferred from its conservation level. We used this approach to examine dependency among different positions of the 5' splice site. We compiled a data set of 50,493 homologous human-mouse internal exons and analyzed the frequency of changes among different positions of homologous human-mouse 5' splice-site pairs.

Management of patients with community-acquired pneumonia treated in hospital in Sweden.

To investigate the management of patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) treated in hospital in Sweden, a multicentre retrospective cohort study was performed with medical record review of 982 patients (mean age 63 y) at 17 departments of infectious diseases at hospitals in Sweden. Information on antimicrobial therapy, demographic characteristics, comorbid conditions, physical examination findings, and laboratory and microbiological test results were recorded. Outcome measures were in-hospital mortality and length of hospital stay (LOS).

Reversible inhibition of the second step of splicing suggests a possible role of zinc in the second step of splicing.

A multicomponent complex of proteins and RNA is assembled on the newly synthesized pre-mRNA to form the spliceosome. This complex catalyzes a two-step transesterification reaction required to remove the introns and ligate the exons. To date, only six proteins have been found necessary for the second step of splicing in yeast, and their human homologs have been identified.