Caesarean section and risk of infection in offspring: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.

Objective: To compare the risk of hospital admissions with infections and infections not in hospital in children born by caesarean section with children born by vaginal birth.

Data Sources: Medline, Embase, and PubMed were searched with no restriction on start date up to 12 February 2024.

Study Selection: Observational studies were included that reported the association between caesarean section and vaginal birth in relation to the risk of infections (both those that lead to hospital admission and those that do not) up to 18 years of age.

Cigarette Smoke Constituents and Nicotine Differentially Affect Cytokine Production by Human Macrophages Stimulated by TLR Ligands : Considerations for a Standardised Protocol.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an inflammatory lung condition associated with cigarette (tobacco) smoking. Numerous animal studies have been conducted to investigate the links between cigarette smoke, nicotine and infection in lung pathology. As an alternative to animal experiments, we used an system to investigate the effects of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) or nicotine on TNF-α and IL-10 production by monocyte-derived human macrophages.

Statin use for cardiovascular disease prevention: perceptions among people living with HIV in the United States.

Background: People living with HIV (PLWH) may be at heightened risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Statin use and lifestyle changes reduce the risk of CVD but remain under-prescribed among PLWH. The objective of this study was to characterize knowledge of CVD and statin use, current usage, barriers to taking statins, and information desired by PLWH to improve statin uptake among PLWH in Los Angeles, CA.

Dynamic Regulatory Assessment: Unpacking the Process Reveals Readiness to Pilot for Europe-An EFPIA View.

The medicines regulatory network of the European Economic Area comprises 30 countries, their National Competent Authorities (NCA), and the European Medicines Agency (EMA). The NCAs and EMA are involved at different stages of the medicine life cycle; not all are engaged in a particular medicine's development discussions. As a result, knowledge management (ie, acquisition and transfer between medicine developer and the NCAs) is fragmented and inefficient.

Controlling grain structure in metallic additive manufacturing using a versatile, inexpensive process control system.

Additive manufacturing (AM), commonly termed 3D printing, is a revolutionary manufacturing technology with great industrial relevance in the aerospace, medical and automotive sectors. Metallic AM allows creation of complex intricate parts and repair of large components; however, certification is currently a concern due to lack of process consistency. A versatile, inexpensive process control system was developed and integrated, reducing variability in melt pool fluctuation and improving microstructural homogeneity of components.