Sport and exercise in genotype positive (+) phenotype negative (-) individuals: current dilemmas and future perspectives.

Genotype positive-phenotype negative (GEN+PHEN-) individuals harbour a pathogenic or likely pathogenic variant without exhibiting a phenotypic manifestation of the disease. In the last few years, the widespread use of genetic testing in probands and relatives has increasingly led to the identification of these individuals, with emerging dilemmas regarding their clinical management. A genetic variant may exhibit a variable expressivity even in the same family and spontaneous conversion to overt phenotype is largely unpredictable.

Return to Play after SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Competitive Athletes of Distinct Sport Disciplines in Italy: A FMSI (Italian Federation of Sports Medicine) Study.

Background: SARS-CoV-2 can lead to several systemic complications, including myocardial injuries; these might be worsened by heavy physical activity. The optimal approach to cardiac risk stratification following SARS-CoV-2 infection in athletes for a safe return to play (RTP) still needs defining. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of abnormal RTP test results, according to the protocol of Italian Federation of Sport Medicine (FMSI), which was endorsed by the Italian Ministry of Health, potentially representing COVID-19-associated cardiac injuries.

Cardio-pulmonary function among children with mild or asymptomatic COVID-19 infection needing certification for return-to-play.

Aim: To explore the cardio-pulmonary function of children returning to play sports after mild or asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Methods: This is a consecutive case series conducted at the Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy. Paediatric patients who accessed the Institute for cardiologic and pneumological evaluation before the return-to-play competitive sports were recruited, according to the Italian Sports Medical Federation recommendations.

[Diagnostic work-up and clinical management of cardiomyopathies: the operative protocol from the Cardiothoracovascular Department of Trieste, Italy].

Cardiomyopathies are primary myocardial disorders, genetically determined, with clinical onset between the third and the fifth decade of life. They represent the main causes of sudden cardiac death and heart failure in the youth. The more common myocardial diseases in clinical practice are dilated cardiomyopathy, arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.