A multilingual audiometer simulator software for training purposes.

Conclusion: A set of algorithms, which allows a computer to determine the answers of simulated patients during pure tone and speech audiometry, is presented. Based on these algorithms, a computer program for training in audiometry was written and found to be useful for teaching purposes.

Objectives: To develop a flexible audiometer simulator software as a teaching and training tool for pure tone and speech audiometry, both with and without masking.

Abnormal aorta and iliac arteries in children with urogenital abnormalities.

Retroiliac ureters have been found in association with a variety of urogenital abnormalities but the iliac artery usually retains a retroperitoneal position. We report 7 children with various urogenital abnormalities (cloacal malformation 4, bladder agenesis 1, urogenital sinus 1, neuropathic bladder 1) in whom the lower aorta and iliac arteries were so distorted as to pose a significant operative hazard. In all cases the distal aorta and/or iliac arteries lay within the peritoneal cavity, often anterior to the bladder.

[Traumatic pseudocyst of the lung].

A rare complication of closed chest injury is the traumatic pulmonary pseudocyst. A well documented case of a 15-year-old boy with this definite, acutely formed, primary structural manifestation within the lung is reported with a short review of nomenclature, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment.

Granular cystitis in girls. Long-term follow-up.

Granular cystitis or 'papular cystitis' is a very common form of cystitis in young girls. In this paper we show the evolution of this affliction in women after puberty. In a series we were able to follow up leukoplakia or follicular cystitis patients to the age of 16 years.

Neourothelium in bladder augmentation. An experimental study in rats.

Experimental surgery in 7 rats was used to investigate the possibility of trigonal urothelium overgrowth into a segment of bowel which had its own mucosa removed. After subtotal cystectomy the intestinal mucosa from the cecum was completely stripped away, and the cecum was then anastomosed to the remainder of the bladder. Urothelial overgrowth of the bowel surface was evident one (3 animals) and two months (4 animals) after the initial procedure.