[The use of surrogate alcohol by individuals with disorders related to alcohol abuse as exemplified by the subject of The Russian Federation].

The purpose of the study was to describe the types of non-beverage alcohol consumed, to evaluate socio-demographic factors associated with its use and to establish effectiveness of the alcohol policy measures taken since 2005 and targeted on reducing non-beverage alcohol consumption. From December 2015 to April 2017, 302 patients of the narcological dispensary were interviewed. The prevalence of non-beverage alcohol drinking among those who reported on their non-beverage alcohol consumption status amounted to 75.

[APPLICATION OF BIOMONITORING METHODOLOGY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS].

In this article there are presented the current views on the technology for the assessment of the exposure to chemical pollutants with the use of the methodology of human biomonitoring and the main advantages of the latter are highlighted. There are presented main problems of the implementation of biomonitoring studies in Russia such as: beginning with the lack of the national system of the biomonitoring, and accomplishing with the inconsistency in the data within the country, the inability to assess the trend according to levels of exposure in the regional or national context. Due to the inconvenience of the Russian regulatory basis on human biomonitoring, there is persisted technological backwardness in terms of the delivery of the design, presentation and evaluation of research results, which results in the decline of the significance of biomonitoring for public health in the country.

[Significance of biliary dysfunction in the pathogenesis of gallstone disease].

The paper shows the role of biliary dysfunction in the formation of biliary sludge. Found that among all motor dysfunction themost common is reduction of contractile function of the gallbladder (in 63.3% of cases), which is combined with 73.

Formal and informal payments in health care facilities in two Russian cities, Tyumen and Lipetsk.

Informal payments for health care services are common in many transition countries, including Russia. While the Russian government proclaims its policy goal of improving access to and quality of free-of-charge health services, it has approved regulations that give local authorities the right to provide services against payment. This paper reports the results of a population-based survey (n = 2001) examining the prevalence of the use of medical services for which people pay formally or informally in two regional capitals of different economic status.