The function of wing bullae in mayflies (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) reveals new insights into the early evolution of Pterygota.

Background: Mayflies are basal winged insects of crucial importance for the understanding of the early evolution of Pterygota. Unlike all other insects, they have two successive winged stages, the subimago and the imago. Their forewings feature so-called bullae, which are desclerotized spots in the anterior main veins.

A revised terminology for male genitalia in Hymenoptera (Insecta), with a special emphasis on Ichneumonoidea.

Applying consistent terminology for morphological traits across different taxa is a highly pertinent task in the study of morphology and evolution. Different terminologies for the same traits can generate bias in phylogeny and prevent correct homology assessments. This situation is exacerbated in the male genitalia of Hymenoptera, and specifically in Ichneumonoidea, in which the terminology is not standardized and has not been fully aligned with the rest of Hymenoptera.

Terebra steering in chalcidoid wasps.

Various chalcidoid wasps can actively steer their terebra (= ovipositor shaft) in diverse directions, despite the lack of terebral intrinsic musculature. To investigate the mechanisms of these bending and rotational movements, we combined microscopical and microtomographical techniques, together with videography, to analyse the musculoskeletal ovipositor system of the ectoparasitoid pteromalid wasp Lariophagus distinguendus (Förster, 1841) and the employment of its terebra during oviposition. The ovipositor consists of three pairs of valvulae, two pairs of valvifers and the female T9 (9th abdominal tergum).

[Historical data on the beginning of the education of the subject "Surgical anatomy and operative techniques" at the time of Founding of the institute in Debrecen •].

On December 1, 1951, the Institutes of Surgical Anatomy and Operative Techniques were founded in Hungary. In the academic year 1951/1952, only lectures were held for the students, in an increased number of hours during the semester, there was no practical opportunity yet due to the structural organization of the institutes. The actual teaching of the subject only started in the academic year 1952/1953 for the fourth year (semester 8-9) in the form of 1 h of lecture and 2 h of practical training per week, for a total of 40 h per semester.