Hepatitis B vaccination in haemodialysis patients: an underestimated problem. Factors influencing immune responses in ten years of observation in an Italian haemodialysis centre and literature review.

Objectives: Despite universal infection control precautions, the risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in patients on chronic haemodialysis (HD) remains high. For this reason anti-HBV vaccination is recommended in these subjects. In hemodialyzed patients vaccinal response is often suboptimal and it's not clear what factors may influence it.