Text neck: An adverse postural phenomenon.

Background: The excessive use of hand-held mobile devices (HHMD) leads to a postural phenomenon known as text neck.

Objective: The aim of this paper is to discuss the anatomical, biomechanical and muscle activation changes within the cervical and thoracic regions associated with the sustained, forward, flexed neck posture, observed with excessive usage of hand-held mobile devices. Additionally, this paper examines the relationship of gender, as well as the effects of carrying backpack loads by youth, on this forward, flexed neck posture.

A Meta-Analysis of Group-Based Pain Management Programs: Overall Effect on Quality of Life and Other Chronic Pain Outcome Measures, with an Exploration into Moderator Variables that Influence the Efficacy of Such Interventions.

Objectives: Group-based pain management programs (GPMPs) have been found to significantly improve quality of life and other pain outcome measures in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain. The aims of this meta-analysis were to reevaluate the overall effect of GPMPs on various pain outcomes for individuals experiencing chronic musculoskeletal conditions and to explore moderator variables that potentially contribute to the overall efficacy of GPMPs.

Methods: Using the R package called metaphor and RevMan, we estimated the overall effectiveness of GPMPs on various pain outcome measures.

A Meta-Analysis of Therapeutic Pain Neuroscience Education, Using Dosage and Treatment Format as Moderator Variables.

Objectives: This meta-analysis aimed to assess the overall effect of therapeutic pain neuroscience education (TPNE) on chronic musculoskeletal pain and to further assess whether such an effect differs by TPNE dosage as well as other treatment format components. Dosage included the number of TPNE sessions provided as well as the amount of time per TPNE session. Structural components included TPNE provided alone as treatment or combined with other pain management modalities, as well as the inclusion of group-based treatment sessions.

Postural compensations and subjective complaints due to backpack loads and wear time in schoolchildren.

Purpose: This study investigated the effects of carrying weighted backpacks of up to 20% of body weight on the posture and pain complaints of elementary-school children.

Methods: Craniovertebral, forward trunk lean and pelvic tilt angles were measured from sagittal photographs of 62 children (8-11 years old) before and after walking while carrying backpacks containing 10%, 15%, or 20% of body weight. Pain severity after a 6-minute walk with the loaded backpack was recorded.

Effect of backpack load carriage on cervical posture in primary schoolchildren.

Objective: This study examined the effects of various backpack loads on elementary schoolchildren's posture and postural compensations as demonstrated by a change in forward head position.

Subjects: A convenience sample of 11 schoolchildren, aged 8-11 years participated.

Methods: Sagittal digital photographs were taken of each subject standing without a backpack, and then with the loaded backpack before and after walking 6 minutes (6MWT) at free walking speed.