[Muscularis mucosae invasion: prognostic factor for intravesical BCG immunotherapy failure for T1 bladder carcinoma].

Objectives: To study the prognostic impact of muscularis mucosae (MM) invasion for pT1 bladder cancer treated by transurethral resection (TUR) and adjuvant Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) intravesical immunotherapy.

Methods: Sixty-six patients treated by BCG intravesical instillations were substaged into pT1a and pT1b, regarding Muscularis Mucosae invasion. Tumor grade, associated carcinoma in situ (CIS), multifocality, tumoral size up to 3cm, BCG maintenance were noted.

[Ultrasound guidance of central venous catheterisation].

Portacath implantation with introduction of a catheter into the superior vena caval system is a commonly performed procedure. Catheterization of the internal jugular vein can be difficult due to anatomical variation, individual patient morphology, or as a result of previous catheterization. Use of 2D ultrasonography facilitates localization of the internal jugular vein and decreases the risks of catheter placement.