Is 2-dimensional transvaginal ultrasonography necessary 6 weeks after insertion of the levonorgestrel 52-mg intrauterine device?

Background: In Dutch practice, gynecologists are used to assessing the position of the LNG-IUD by performing a two-dimensional transvaginal ultrasonography (TVUS) directly after insertion and do not routinely invite patients for another consultation 4-12 weeks after insertion. There is no consensus whether a TVUS six weeks after insertion is routinely needed.

Objective: This study aimed to assess the incidence of malposition using 2-dimensional transvaginal ultrasonography during routine investigation 6 weeks after insertion.

Insulin-induced capillary recruitment is impaired in both lean and obese women with PCOS.

Background: Insulin resistance, i.e. impaired insulin-mediated glucose uptake (IMGU), is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

Greater arterial stiffness in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an obesity--but not a PCOS-associated phenomenon.

Context: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and obesity are associated with cardiovascular disease, but it is unclear to what extent they contribute independently. Arterial stiffness might link obesity and PCOS to cardiovascular diseases.

Objective: Our objective was to investigate whether PCOS in the presence or absence of obesity is linked with arterial stiffness.

Microvascular function has no menstrual-cycle-dependent variation in healthy ovulatory women.

Objective: Hyper- and hypoestrogenism that persist for a long time can affect vascular and metabolic function. However, it is not clear whether the same is true for subtle sex hormone changes (i.e.

Clomiphene citrate resistance in relation to follicle-stimulating hormone receptor Ser680Ser-polymorphism in polycystic ovary syndrome.

Background: Clomiphene citrate (CC) response in anovulatory women is difficult to predict and patient-tailored treatment would benefit patient care and time-management. The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) Ser680Ser-polymorphism as a predictor for CC response.

Methods: In this retrospective study, 193 patients, diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) according to Rotterdam criteria and treated with ovulation induction, were included over a 5-year period in a university hospital in the Netherlands.