Soft matter physics of the ground beneath our feet.

The soft part of the Earth's surface - the ground beneath our feet - constitutes the basis for life and natural resources, yet a general physical understanding of the ground is still lacking. In this critical time of climate change, cross-pollination of scientific approaches is urgently needed to better understand the behavior of our planet's surface. The major topics in current research in this area cross different disciplines, spanning geosciences, and various aspects of engineering, material sciences, physics, chemistry, and biology.

Conflicting views of physicians and surgeons concerning pediatric urinary tract infection: a comparative review.

Background: A first febrile urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common condition in children, and pathways of management have evolved over time.

Objective: To determine the extent to which pediatricians and surgeons differ in their investigation and management of a first febrile UTI, and to evaluate the justifications for any divergence of approach.

Materials And Methods: A literature search was conducted for papers addressing investigation and/or management following a first febrile UTI in children published between 2011 and 2021.

Vesico-ureteric reflux in children and young people undergoing kidney transplantation.

Vesico-ureteric reflux (VUR) into transplanted kidneys in children and young people is a common occurrence, found in 19 to 60% of those who had an anti-reflux procedure and up to 79% in the absence of such a procedure. While VUR is unlikely to be of concern without evidence of symptomatic urinary tract infections, less certainty exists regarding outcomes when the VUR is associated with urinary tract infection (UTI) and transplant pyelonephritis. Issues explored will include additional risk factors that might predispose to UTI, any effect of pyelonephritis on acute and long-term kidney allograft function and practical strategies that may reduce the prevalence of infection.