Evaluation of neuroendocrine staining and androgen receptor expression in incidental prostatic adenocarcinoma: prognostic implications.

Objectives: To identify neuroendocrine cells and androgen receptors (ARs), possible predictors of cancer progression, in a series of untreated patients with incidental Stage T1a prostate cancer (PCa). Neuroendocrine cells may exert a dynamic role in the microenvironment of PCa. The AR is thought to have a central role in the propagation of prostate carcinogenesis.

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha expression correlates with angiogenesis and unfavorable prognosis in bladder cancer.

Introduction And Objectives: Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1 alpha) is a critical regulatory protein of cellular response to hypoxia and is closely related to the triggering of the angiogenic process. We examined the relationship between hypoxia and angiogenesis, as well as their prognostic impact in patients with urothelial bladder cancer.

Methods: The immunohistochemical expression of HIF-1 alpha was evaluated in 93 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded primary transitional cell carcinoma tissue samples.