Radiolabeling of bionanomaterials with technetium 99m: current state and future prospects.

Radiolabeling of bionanomaterials with technetium-99m (Tc) has become a promising approach in combining the benefits of nanotechnology and nuclear medicine for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. This review is intended to provide a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art of radiolabeling of bionanomaterials with Tc, highlighting the synthesis methods, labeling mechanisms, biological evaluation, physicochemical characterization and clinical applications of Tc-labeled bionanomaterials. Various types of nanomaterials are considered in the review, including lipid- and protein-based nanosystems, dendrimers and polymeric nanomaterials.

The ground state of the Kondo insulator.

The Kondo insulator (KI) is the state of an electron liquid in the Kondo lattice at half filling, studied within the mean field approach. We demonstrate, that the [Formula: see text]-field, which is formed by interaction between electrons and local moments, leads to an insulator state in a lattice with a double cell lattice. In the ground state, electrons and local moments form singlets; in this case, no spin or charge density waves are realized in a lattice with a double cell.

Gapped electron liquid state in the symmetric Anderson lattice, Kondo insulator state.

The Kondo insulator state (KIS) realized in the symmetric Anderson model at half filling is studied in the framework of a mean field approach. It is shown that the state of the Kondo insulator is realized in a lattice with a double cell and a gapped electron liquid behaves like a gapless Majorana spin liquid. The local moments of d-electrons form a static [Formula: see text]-field in which band electrons move.

Electron liquid state in the spin-[Formula: see text] anisotropic Kondo lattice.

In the framework of the mean field approach, we provide analytical and numerical solution of the spin-[Formula: see text] anisotropic Kondo lattice for arbitrary dimension at half filling. Nontrivial solution for the amplitude of the field opens a gap in the fermion spectrum of an electron liquid in which local moments on the lattice sites are realized. The ground state in the insulator state is determined by a static [Formula: see text] field of local moments, which forms the lattice with a double cell, conduction electrons move in this field.

Electron liquid state in the symmetric Anderson lattice.

Using mean field approach, we provide analytical and numerical solution of the symmetric Anderson lattice for arbitrary dimension at half filling. The symmetric Anderson lattice is equivalent to the Kondo lattice, which makes it possible to study the behavior of an electron liquid in the Kondo lattice. We have shown that, due to hybridization (through an effective field due to localized electrons) of electrons with different spins and momenta [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], the gap in the electron spectrum opens at half filling.