Allocation costs of regeneration: tail regeneration constrains body growth under low food availability in juvenile lizards.

The balance of energy allocated to development and growth of different body compartments may incur allocation conflicts and can thereby entail physiological and evolutionary consequences. Regeneration after autotomy restores the functionality lost after shedding a body part but requires a strong energy investment that may trade-off with other processes, like reproduction or growth. Caudal autotomy is a widespread antipredator strategy in lizards, but regeneration may provoke decreased growth rates in juveniles that could have subsequent consequences.

Behavioral patterns in the early-stage antipredator response change after tail autotomy in adult wall lizards.

Autotomy is a drastic antipredator defense consisting of the voluntary shedding of a body part to escape from the predators. The loss of a body part may impair locomotion, feeding or mating, so animals may face a higher predation risk shortly after autotomy. Thus, until regeneration is completed, prey may adjust their behavior to reduce predation risk, and this could involve secondary costs.

[Rehabilitation and COVID disease: characterization and follow-up of hospitalized patients in Granada, Spain].

Objective: The characterization of a sample of patients hospitalized with complications of the COVID-19 infection regarding potential prognostic factors, clinical evolution, and impact of rehabilitation treatment on functional, motor, and respiratory outcomes.

Method: Descriptive, retrospective, longitudinal study of a cohort of patients under rehabilitation treatment admitted at Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital in Granada from March to June 2020, assessed upon admission, discharge and at 3 rd month using physical condition scales (IFIS) and functional assessment: general (Rankin, Barthel), respiratory (mMRC, BORG) and gait (FAC).

Results: 30 patients with a mean age of 62.

An integrative analysis of the short-term effects of tail autotomy on thermoregulation and dehydration rates in wall lizards.

Maintaining body temperature is essential for the optimal performance of physiological functions. Ectotherms depend on external heat sources to thermoregulate. However, thermoregulation may be constrained by body condition and hydration state.

The movement dynamics of autotomized lizards and their tails reveal functional costs of caudal autotomy.

Autotomy has evolved independently several times in different animal lineages. It frequently involves immediate functional costs, so regeneration evolved in many instances to restore the functionality of that body part. Caudal autotomy is a widespread antipredator strategy in lizards, although it may affect energy storage, locomotion dynamics, or survival in future encounters with predators.