Evolution of amorphous ruthenium nanoclusters into stepped truncated nano-pyramids on graphitic surfaces boosts hydrogen production from ammonia.

Atomic-scale changes can significantly impact heterogeneous catalysis, yet their atomic mechanisms are challenging to establish using conventional analysis methods. By using identical location scanning transmission electron microscopy (IL-STEM), which provides quantitative information at the single-particle level, we investigated the mechanisms of atomic evolution of Ru nanoclusters during the ammonia decomposition reaction. Nanometre-sized disordered nanoclusters transform into truncated nano-pyramids with stepped edges, leading to increased hydrogen production from ammonia.

The Hygienic Significance of Microbiota and Probiotics for Human Wellbeing.

The human body can be viewed as a combination of ecological niches inhabited by trillions of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, all united by the microbiota concept. Human health largely depends on the nature of these relationships and how they are built and maintained. However, personal hygiene practices have historically been focused on the wholesale elimination of pathogens and "hygiene-challenging microorganisms" without considering the collateral damage to beneficial and commensal species.

Poly(Ionic Liquid) Electrolytes at an Extreme Salt Concentration for Solid-State Batteries.

Polymer-in-salt electrolytes were introduced three decades ago as an innovative solution to the challenge of low Li-ion conductivity in solvent-free solid polymer electrolytes. Despite significant progress, the approach still faces considerable challenges, ranging from a fundamental understanding to the development of suitable polymers and salts. A critical issue is maintaining both the stability and high conductivity of molten salts within a polymer matrix, which has constrained their further exploration.