Release, neuronal effects and removal of extracellular β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (β-NAD⁺) in the rat brain.

Recent evidence supports an emerging role of β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (β-NAD(+) ) as a novel neurotransmitter and neuromodulator in the peripheral nervous system -β-NAD(+) is released in nerve-smooth muscle preparations and adrenal chromaffin cells in a manner characteristic of a neurotransmitter. It is currently unclear whether this holds true for the CNS. Using a small-chamber superfusion assay and high-sensitivity high-pressure liquid chromatography techniques, we demonstrate that high-K(+) stimulation of rat forebrain synaptosomes evokes overflow of β-NAD(+) , adenosine 5'-triphosphate, and their metabolites adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP), adenosine 5'-monophosphate, adenosine, ADP-ribose (ADPR) and cyclic ADPR.

Storage and secretion of beta-NAD, ATP and dopamine in NGF-differentiated rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells.

In nerve-smooth muscle preparations beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (beta-NAD) has emerged as a novel extracellular substance with putative neurotransmitter and neuromodulator functions. beta-NAD is released, along with noradrenaline and adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), upon firing of action potentials in blood vessels, urinary bladder and large intestine. At present it is unclear whether noradrenaline, ATP and beta-NAD are stored in and released from common populations of synaptic vesicles.

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus 8 K-bZIP modulates latency-associated nuclear protein-mediated suppression of lytic origin-dependent DNA synthesis.

The original cotransfection replication assay identified eight human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8)-encoded proteins required for origin-dependent lytic DNA replication. Previously, we demonstrated that under conditions where K-Rta is overexpressed, a K-bZIP knockout bacmid displayed an aberrant subcellular localization pattern for the latency-associated nuclear protein (LANA). Additionally, these same studies demonstrated that K-bZIP interacts with LANA in the absence of K-Rta and that K-bZIP does not directly participate in, but may facilitate, the initiation of lytic DNA synthesis.

Cardiac-specific overexpression of the human short CLC-3 chloride channel isoform in mice.

1. ClC-3 has been proposed as a molecular candidate responsible for volume-sensitive outwardly rectifying anion channels (VSOAC) in cardiac and smooth muscle cells. To further test this hypothesis, we produced a novel line of transgenic mice with cardiac-specific overexpression of the human short ClC-3 isoform (hsClC-3).

N-type and P/Q-type calcium channels regulate differentially the release of noradrenaline, ATP and beta-NAD in blood vessels.

Using HPLC techniques we evaluated the electrical field stimulation-evoked overflow of noradrenaline (NA), adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), and beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (beta-NAD) in the presence of low nanomolar concentrations of omega-conotoxin GVIA or omega-agatoxin IVA in the canine mesenteric arteries and veins. omega-conotoxin GVIA abolished the evoked overflow of NA and beta-NAD in artery and vein, whereas the evoked overflow of ATP remained unchanged in the presence of omega-conotoxin GVIA. omega-agatoxin IVA significantly reduced the evoked overflow of ATP and beta-NAD.