A stochastic multi-agent system for Internet of Things-enabled waste management in smart cities.

The population of the Earth is moving towards urban areas forming smart cities (SCs). Waste management is a component of SCs. We consider a SC which contains a distribution of waste bins and a distribution of waste trucks located in the SC sectors.

[Population structure of Drosophila on quantitative measure traits and its seasonal changes].

In the Drosophila population the individuals of medium, small and large size prevail in spring, summer and autumn correspondingly. Such differences are genetically determined. Small individuals are characterized by the highest modification variability while the large individuals--by the lowest one.

[Phenotypic and genotypic structure of a natural Drosophila population for meristic morphologic characters and its seasonal changes].

A natural population of Drosophila was genetically heterogeneous in the number of sternopleural bristles and the number of arista branches. In the summer, these characters had a low mean value and high coefficient of variation: in autumn, this relationship was reversed; in late spring, the values of the mean and coefficient of variation were intermediate. The dynamics of the character mean was determined by changes in phenotypic and genotypic composition of the population, which was examined during different seasons of the year.

[Seasonal changes in the resistance of a Drosophila population to low temperatures and their association with fertility].

Significant genetic variation in resistance to cold was detected in samples collected from a natural Drosophila population in spring, summer, and autumn. In the summer sample, phenotypic variation was determined by genetic factors; in the summer and autumn samples, exclusively by environmental factors. Flies collected in spring had the highest longevity at low temperatures.

[Phenotypic and genotypic structure of a natural Drosophila population with respect to the reaction of individuals to an increase in population density and its seasonal change].

In spring and summer, the natural population of Drosophila studied exhibited a high level of phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity with regard to change of individual fertility with an increase of density of adult flies. From spring to autumn, the level of genotypic variation decreased. In autumn, all phenotypic variation resulted from environmental factors.