Absence of enterotypes in the human gut microbiomes reanalyzed with non-linear dimensionality reduction methods.

Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome have been proposed to be a powerful prognostic tool to evaluate the correlation between lifestyle, nutrition, and disease. However, the number of enterotypes suggested in the literature ranged from two to four. The growth of available metagenome data and the use of exact, non-linear methods of data analysis challenges the very concept of clusters in the multidimensional space of bacterial microbiomes.

[Mechanisms of divergent-convergent connections in the spinal cord].

In acute experiments on anesthetized and on spinal cats, three major mechanisms of divergent-convergent interrelationships in the spinal cord responsible for the formation of electrical responses in the efferent and afferent links of the spinal reflex apparatus, were electrophysiologically established: 1) afferent-efferent, 2) afferent-interneuron-efferent, and 3) afferent--interneuron-afferent mechanisms each having special features of its structural and functional organization. The first two mechanisms are actualized through mono- and poly-synaptic discharges in the ventral roots, resp., and the third one--through electrotonic potentials and reflexes of the dorsal roots.

[Ratio of adrenergic and cholinergic structures in the prevertebral sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia].

Histochemical techniques for catecholamines and acetylcholinesterase revealed the ratio of adrenergic and cholinergic neurons in sympathetic (celiac and inferior mesenteric) and parasympathetic (pelvic) plexuses of the abdominal and pelvic cavities. Three types of ganglia were revealed in the pelvic plexus, i.e.

[Composition of the polypeptides participating in orthograde axonal transport in the nerve elements of the caudal mesenteric ganglion of the cat].

Composition of the polypeptides translocated by the axonal transport in the lumbar splanchnic and hypogastric nerves before and after total section of these nerves was studied in the model of the inferior mesenteric ganglion with pre- and postganglionic nerve trunks. The data obtained suggest presence of the orthograde axonal transport of specific proteins associated with the nerve fibre growth along the axons of afferent neurons whose bodies are localized in the inferior mesenteric ganglion, as well as along efferent fibres with trophic centers situated in the ganglion. Axonal transport of the polypeptide with molecular weight 29.

[Blood supply function and the tonus of the cerebral vessels in cervical sympathetic ganglionitis].

In 42 patients with cervical sympathicoganglionitis and secondary diencephalic dysfunction, the cerebral circulation was studied by REG in order to elucidate the role of vascular factor in the pathogenesis of diencephalic impairments. The authors established the persistent elevation in the tone of the cerebral vessels in the carotid and vertebral-basilar area and a decrease in the pulse blood filling. The nitroglycerin test indicated the functional nature of the changes.