Comparative tuberculosis (TB) prevention effectiveness in children of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccines from different sources, Kazakhstan.

Background: Except during a 1-year period when BCG vaccine was not routinely administered, annual coverage of infants with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) in Kazakhstan since 2002 has exceeded 95%. BCG preparations from different sources (Japan, Serbia, and Russia) or none were used exclusively in comparable 7-month time-frames, September through March, in 4 successive years beginning in 2002. Our objective was to assess relative effectiveness of BCG immunization.

Tuberculosis deaths averted by implementation of the DOTS strategy in Kazakhstan.

Setting: Kazakhstan began implementing the DOTS strategy for tuberculosis (TB) in 1998.

Objective: Data were analyzed 1) to determine if changes in TB mortality rate (MR) and case fatality rate (CFR) in Kazakhstan for 1998-2003 differed from those of Uzbekistan and four adjacent Russian Federation (RF) oblasts that had not yet implemented DOTS, and 2) to estimate the number of deaths averted in Kazakhstan as a result of DOTS.

Design: Observed MRs were calculated, and predicted MRs for Kazakhstan were approximated by linear regression based on average slope of MRs from 1998 through 2003 in adjacent non-DOTS-implementing territories.

[Detection of tuberculosis in the countries of Central Asia by the electronic monitoring system data].

The basic stages of putting into practice of tuberculosis monitoring systems in the Central Asian Region (CAC) (Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrghyz, and Tajikistan) with the assistance of the USA Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Central Asian Region Programs (CDC/CAR), and the USA Agency for International Development in 2000-2006 are considered. These stages comprised: 1) modification of accounting and reporting forms in accordance with the requirements of the uniform statistical tuberculosis registration system; 2) development, adaptation, and introduction of an electronic tuberculosis monitoring and management system (ETMMS) in the regions and countries of Central Asia; 3) epidemiological analysis of information of tuberculosis monitoring systems, by using the elements of evidence-based medicine. At present, policy electronic tuberculosis monitoring systems entirely cover the areas of three countries of the region.

Progress toward tuberculosis control and determinants of treatment outcomes--Kazakhstan, 2000-2002.

Introduction: In Kazakhstan, during 1995-2002, the annual notification rate per 100,000 population for new cases of tuberculosis (TB) increased from 67.1 to 165.1.