Assessment of Brix values for estimating nitrogen and gross energy concentrations of pig urine.

The present study aimed to develop equations for estimating the dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N), and gross energy (GE) concentrations in pig urine using Brix values. A total of 96 urine samples were obtained from pigs of 6.0 to 62.

The effect of intravenous labetalol administration on hemodynamic responses during desflurane inhalation.

Background: Inspired concentrations of desflurane ≥ 1 minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration (MAC) have been related to sympathetic stimulation such as hypertension and tachycardia. The current study examined whether labetalol, an α(1) and β-adrenergic antagonist would blunt these hemodynamic responses.

Methods: Fifty-four ASA physical status I patients, aged 20-60 years, were enrolled in this study.