Metabolite changes by combined treatment, ethyl formate and low temperature, in Drosophila suzukii.

Although ethyl formate (EF) fumigant and low temperature applications are widely used for pest management, studies related to their mechanisms of action and subsequent metabolic changes in Drosophila suzukii models are still unclear. In this study, a comparative metabolome analysis was performed to investigate the major metabolites modified by EF and low temperature and how they are related to and affect insect physiology. Most of the identified metabolites function in metabolic pathways related to the biosynthesis of amino acids, nucleotides and cofactors.

Comparative Metabolic Profiling in by Combined Treatment of Fumigant Phosphine and Low Temperature.

The mechanisms of action of phosphine are diverse and include neurotoxicity, metabolic inhibition, and oxidative stress; however, its efficacy at low temperatures is unclear. : Comparative metabolomics is suitable for investigating the response of the spotted-wing fly to exposure toward a combination of cold stimuli and fumigant PH. : Under this combined exposure, 52 metabolites exhibiting significant differences in stress were identified and their physiological roles were analyzed in the metabolic pathway.

Feeding Behavior Comparison of Bean Bugs, and on Different Soybean Cultivars.

(Fabricius) and (Stål) are the major pests that feed on soybean pods, seeds, and fruits. Higher populations and damage occur during the soybean maturity stages (podding to harvest). To compare the feeding behavior of and , we used the six most cultivated cultivars (Daepung-2ho, Daechan, Pungsannamul, Daewon, Seonpung, and Seoritae) in Korea using the electropenetrography (EPG) technique.

Analysis of the Feeding Behavior and Life Table of and (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) under Sublethal Concentrations of Imidacloprid and Sulfoxaflor.

The brown planthopper (BPH) and white-backed planthopper (WBPH) are serious rice insect pests that cannot overwinter in Korea and migrate from southeast Asian countries and China. In this study, we investigated the sublethal effects of imidacloprid and sulfoxaflor on the biological parameters and feeding behavior of planthoppers. These sublethal concentrations significantly decreased the net reproduction rate (), the intrinsic rate of increase (), and the mean generation time ().

Synergistic Effect of Cold Treatment Combined with Ethyl Formate Fumigation against (Diptera: Drosophilidae).

Drosophila suzukii is a quarantine pest that is rapidly spreading in berries. This study evaluated the synergistic effect of combination treatment with ethyl formate (EF) and cold temperature for D. suzukii control on imported grapes.

Susceptibility to Acaricides and the Frequencies of Point Mutations in Etoxazole- and Pyridaben-Resistant Strains and Field Populations of the Two-Spotted Spider Mite, (Acari: Tetranychidae).

The two-spotted spider mite Koch is a major agricultural pest worldwide and is known to rapidly develop resistance to pesticides. In the present study, we explored a field strain that was collected in 2000 and 2003 and has been exhibiting resistance to etoxazole and pyridaben over the last 16 years. The resistance ratios of the etoxazole- and pyridaben-resistant strains (ER and PR) to etoxazole or pyridaben were more than 5,000,000- and 4109.

Fumigation Activity against Phosphine-Resistant (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Using Carbonyl Sulfide.

Phosphine resistance is occurring among stored-grain pests worldwide. This study investigated the fumigation activity of phosphine (PH) and carbonyl sulfide (COS) against domestic strain (d-strain) , resistance strain (r-strain) . and .

Target-Site Mutations and Glutathione -Transferases Are Associated with Acequinocyl and Pyridaben Resistance in the Two-Spotted Spider Mite (Acari: Tetranychidae).

The two-spotted spider mite is a difficult-to-control pest due to its short life cycle and rapid resistance development. In this study, we characterized field strains collected in 2001 and 2003 that were selected for acequinocyl resistance (AR) and pyridaben resistance (PR), respectively. These strains displayed resistance ratios of 1798.

Control of Whitefly (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), Trialeurodes vaporariorum, with Electron Beam and X-Ray Radiation of Fresh Strawberies for Export.

Strawberry ( Duch) is one of the representative fresh agricultural products exported overseas from South Korea. The greenhouse whitefly (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), , is an economically important insect pest of commercial strawberries in South Korea. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of electron beam and X-ray on the development and reproduction of .

Gamma-Ray Irradiation Control of Whiteflies Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and Trialeurodes vaporariorum in the Exportation of Fresh Strawberries.

Whitefly pests, including the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), and the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), are economically important in agriculture. With the annual growth of the domestic fresh fruit export market, various quarantine treatment methods are being used to export strawberries of better quality. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of gamma rays on the development and reproductive sterility of B.

Acequinocyl Resistance Associated With I256V and N321S Mutations in the Two-Spotted Spider Mite (Acari: Tetranychidae).

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), is one of the most important pest species, because it devastates many horticultural and ornamental crops and fruit trees. In the present study, we explored a field strain that was collected in January 2001 and then selected for 16 years for acequinocyl resistance. The resistance ratios calculated for the LC50 value in the laboratory-selected acequinocyl-resistant (LSAR16) strain was 4,237-fold higher than that of the susceptible strain.

Elucidation of molecular expression associated with abnormal development and sterility caused by electron beam irradiation in Spodoptera litura (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

Purpose: The objective of the present study was to elucidate the mode of indirect action of electron beam irradiation at the molecular level against a quarantine pest, Spodoptera litura (F.).

Material And Methods: Electron beam irradiation (50-200 Gy) was applied to S.

Efficacy and Phytotoxicity of Phosphine as Fumigants for Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on Asparagus.

The insecticidal activity of phosphine (PH3) and ethyl formate (EF) toward Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and their phytotoxicity to asparagus were evaluated. Both the PH3 and EF fumigants showed higher lethal concentration and time (LCT) values at lower temperatures. The LCT99 values of PH3 and EF at 5°C in a 12 liters desiccator for 4 h showed the following ranking: eggs (64.

Fumigation Activity of Ethyl Formate and Phosphine Against Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) on Imported Sweet Pumpkin.

This study investigated an alternative fumigant for imported sweet pumpkin. Laboratory fumigations with ethyl formate (EF) and phosphine (PH3) alone and in combination were conducted at different temperatures in 12-liter desiccators to determine their efficacy and synergism against adults and eggs of two-spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae Koch), a major pest of sweet pumpkins; larger scale fumigations with EF were also performed to evaluate the impact of EF fumigation on the postharvest quality of sweet pumpkin and EF absorption. EF fumigation of 4 h achieved 100% control of both adults and eggs at 10°C.

Electron Beam-Induced Sterility and Inhibition of Ovarian Development in the Sakhalin Pine Longicorn, Monochamus saltuarius (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae).

The Sakhalin pine longicorn, Monochamus saltuarius (Gebler; Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), is an insect vector of the pine wilt nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner et Buhrer) Nickle, and is widely distributed in central Korea. M. saltuarius is a forest pest that seriously damages Pinus densiflora (Siebold et Zucc, Pinales: Pinaceae) and Pinus koraiensis (Siebold & Zucc, Pinales: Pinaceae) forests.

Comparative Analyses of Cu-Zn Superoxide Dismutase (SOD1) and Thioredoxin Reductase (TrxR) at the mRNA Level between Apis mellifera L. and Apis cerana F. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Under Stress Conditions.

This study compared stress-induced expression of Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) genes in the European honeybee Apis mellifera L. and Asian honeybee Apis cerana F. Expression of both SOD1 and TrxR rapidly increased up to 5 h after exposure to cold (4 °C) or heat (37 °C) treatment and then gradually decreased, with a stronger effect induced by cold stress in A.

Synergistic Effects of Oxygen on Phosphine and Ethyl Formate for the Control of Phthorimaea operculella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae).

Phosphine (PH3) and ethyl formate (EF) are two potentially powerful postharvest fumigant insecticides. We investigated the effectiveness of both PH3 and EF as fumigants at all developmental stages of the potato tuber moth Phthorimaea operculella Zeller, and we also studied the synergistic effects of these fumigants under controlled atmospheres of 50 and 80% oxygen (O2). The larval stage of P.

Chemical composition, larvicidal action, and adult repellency of Thymus magnus against Aedes albopictus.

Thymus magnus, an endemic species, is found in the Republic of Korea. The volatile compounds extracted by SPME from T. magnus were investigated for their chemical composition and electrophysiological response against the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus.

Hyper-enhanced production of foreign recombinant protein by fusion with the partial polyhedrin of nucleopolyhedrovirus.

To enhance the production efficiency of foreign protein in baculovirus expression systems, the effects of polyhedrin fragments were investigated by fusion expressing them with the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). Recombinant viruses were generated to express EGFP fused with polyhedrin fragments based on the previously reported minimal region for self-assembly and the KRKK nuclear localization signal (NLS). Fusion expressions with polyhedrin amino acids 19 to 110 and 32 to 110 lead to localization of recombinant protein into the nucleus and mediate its assembly.

Production of classical swine fever virus envelope glycoprotein E2 as recombinant polyhedra in baculovirus-infected silkworm larvae.

Although, classical swine fever virus (CSFV) envelope glycoprotein E2 subunit vaccine has been developed using the baculovirus expression system, the expression of viral antigens in baculovirus-infected insect cells is often ineffective. Therefore, an alternative strategy to the traditional baculovirus expression system is needed that is more productive and effective. Here, we report a novel strategy for the large-scale production of a CSFV E2 in the larvae of a baculovirus-infected silkworm, Bombyx mori.

Molecular characterization of ORFs 2 to 7 of Korean porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (CA) and its protein expression by recombinant baculoviruses.

To determine the characteristics of the Korean porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), CA, which was isolated from the serum of an infected pig in 2006, we investigated the nucleotide sequence and expression of the structural ORFs (ORFs 2 to 7) using the bApGOZA system. We found that the structural ORFs 2 to 7 of CA consisted of 3188 nucleotides that were the same as those formed from VR-2332. Comparison of the CA with the other strains revealed nucleotide sequence identity ranging from 89.

A novel and orally active poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor, KR-33889 [2-[methoxycarbonyl(4-methoxyphenyl) methylsulfanyl]-1H-benzimidazole-4-carboxylic acid amide], attenuates injury in in vitro model of cell death and in vivo model of cardiac ischemia.

Blocking of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-1 has been expected to protect the heart from ischemia-reperfusion injury. We have recently identified a novel and orally active PARP-1 inhibitor, KR-33889 [2-[methoxycarbonyl(4-methoxyphenyl)-methylsulfanyl]-1H-benzimidazole-4-carboxylic acid amide], and its major metabolite, KR-34285 [2-[carboxy(4-methoxyphenyl)methylsulfanyl]-1H-benzimidazole-4-carboxylic acid amide]. KR-33889 potently inhibited PARP-1 activity with an IC(50) value of 0.