-Derived DnaJ Induces the Expression of IL-1β by Engaging the Interplay of p38 and ERK Signaling Pathways in Macrophages.

As members of pathogen-associated molecular patterns, bacterial heat shock proteins (HSPs) are widely recognized for their role in initiating innate immune responses. This study aimed to examine the impact of DnaJ, a homolog of HSP40 derived from (), on the regulation of IL-1β expression in macrophages. We demonstrated that DnaJ modulates macrophages to secrete IL-1β by activating NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways.

Deep learning-based incoherent holographic camera enabling acquisition of real-world holograms for holographic streaming system.

While recent research has shown that holographic displays can represent photorealistic 3D holograms in real time, the difficulty in acquiring high-quality real-world holograms has limited the realization of holographic streaming systems. Incoherent holographic cameras, which record holograms under daylight conditions, are suitable candidates for real-world acquisition, as they prevent the safety issues associated with the use of lasers; however, these cameras are hindered by severe noise due to the optical imperfections of such systems. In this work, we develop a deep learning-based incoherent holographic camera system that can deliver visually enhanced holograms in real time.

Diffraction-engineered holography: Beyond the depth representation limit of holographic displays.

Holography is one of the most prominent approaches to realize true-to-life reconstructions of objects. However, owing to the limited resolution of spatial light modulators compared to static holograms, reconstructed objects exhibit various coherent properties, such as content-dependent defocus blur and interference-induced noise. The coherent properties severely distort depth perception, the core of holographic displays to realize 3D scenes beyond 2D displays.

DnaJ-induced TLR7 mediates an increase in interferons through the TLR4-engaged AKT/NF-κB and JNK signaling pathways in macrophages.

Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) signaling plays pivotal roles in innate immunity by sensing viral single-stranded RNA thereby triggering inflammatory signaling cascades and eliciting protective antiviral responses. In this study, we found that TLR7 expression is highly induced in response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) infection in a dose- and time-dependent manner.

DnaK Stimulates the Production of Pentraxin 3 via TLR4-Dependent NF-κB and ERK Signaling Pathways.

Microbe-derived factors trigger innate immune responses through the production of inflammatory mediators, including pentraxin 3 (PTX3). PTX3 is a soluble pattern recognition molecule that stimulates the clearance of clinically important bacterial pathogens such as . However, the factors responsible for the production of PTX3 have not been elucidated.

HSP70-Homolog DnaK of Increases the Production of IL-27 through Expression of via TLR4-Dependent NF-κB and TLR4-Independent Akt Signaling.

IL-27, a heterodimeric cytokine composed of the p28 subunit and Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3 (EBI3), acts as a potent immunosuppressant and thus limits pathogenic inflammatory responses. IL-27 is upregulated upon infection in septic mice, increasing susceptibility to the infection and decreasing clearance of the pathogen. However, it remains unclear which -derived molecules promote production of IL-27.

A Perception-driven Hybrid Decomposition for Multi-layer Accommodative Displays.

Multi-focal plane and multi-layered light-field displays are promising solutions for addressing all visual cues observed in the real world. Unfortunately, these devices usually require expensive optimizations to compute a suitable decomposition of the input light field or focal stack to drive individual display layers. Although these methods provide near-correct image reconstruction, a significant computational cost prevents real-time applications.

Ultrahigh enhancement of light focusing through disordered media controlled by mega-pixel modes.

We propose and demonstrate a system for wavefront shaping, which generates optical foci through complex disordered media and achieves an enhancement factor of greater than 100,000. To exploit the 1 megapixel capacity of a digital micro-mirror device and its fast frame rate, we developed a fast and efficient method to handle the heavy matrix algebra computation involved in optimizing the focus. We achieved an average enhancement factor of 101,391 within an optimization time of 73 minutes with amplitude control.

Universal sensitivity of speckle intensity correlations to wavefront change in light diffusers.

Here, we present a concept based on the realization that a complex medium can be used as a simple interferometer. Changes in the wavefront of an incident coherent beam can be retrieved by analyzing changes in speckle patterns when the beam passes through a light diffuser. We demonstrate that the spatial intensity correlations of the speckle patterns are independent of the light diffusers, and are solely determined by the phase changes of an incident beam.

Collaborative effects of wavefront shaping and optical clearing agent in optical coherence tomography.

We demonstrate that simultaneous application of optical clearing agents (OCAs) and complex wavefront shaping in optical coherence tomography (OCT) can provide significant enhancement of penetration depth and imaging quality. OCA reduces optical inhomogeneity of a highly scattering sample, and the wavefront shaping of illumination light controls multiple scattering, resulting in an enhancement of the penetration depth and signal-to-noise ratio. A tissue phantom study shows that concurrent applications of OCA and wavefront shaping successfully operate in OCT imaging.

Label-free optical quantification of structural alterations in Alzheimer's disease.

We present a wide-field quantitative label-free imaging of mouse brain tissue slices with sub-micrometre resolution, employing holographic microscopy and an automated scanning platform. From the measured light field images, scattering coefficients and anisotropies are quantitatively retrieved by using the modified the scattering-phase theorem, which enables access to structural information about brain tissues. As a proof of principle, we demonstrate that these scattering parameters enable us to quantitatively address structural alteration in the brain tissues of mice with Alzheimer's disease.

Remote sensing of pressure inside deformable microchannels using light scattering in Scotch tape.

We present a simple but effective method to measure the pressure inside a deformable microchannel using laser scattering in a translucent Scotch tape. Our idea exploits the fact that the speckle pattern generated by a turbid layer is sensitive to the changes in the optical wavefront of an impinging beam. A change in the internal pressure of a channel deforms the elastic channel, which can be detected by measuring the speckle patterns of a coherent laser beam that has passed through the channel and the Scotch tape.

In vivo deep tissue imaging using wavefront shaping optical coherence tomography.

Multiple light scattering in tissue limits the penetration of optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging. Here, we present in vivo OCT imaging of a live mouse using wavefront shaping (WS) to enhance the penetration depth. A digital micromirror device was used in a spectral-domain OCT system for complex WS of an incident beam which resulted in the optimal delivery of light energy into deep tissue.

Optogenetic control of cell signaling pathway through scattering skull using wavefront shaping.

We introduce a non-invasive approach for optogenetic regulation in biological cells through highly scattering skull tissue using wavefront shaping. The wavefront of the incident light was systematically controlled using a spatial light modulator in order to overcome multiple light-scattering in a mouse skull layer and to focus light on the target cells. We demonstrate that illumination with shaped waves enables spatiotemporal regulation of intracellular Ca(2+) level at the individual-cell level.

Focusing through turbid media by polarization modulation.

We demonstrate that polarization modulation of an illumination beam can effectively control the spatial profile of the light transmitted through turbid media. Since the transmitted electric fields are completely mingled in turbid media, polarization states of an illumination beam can be used effectively to control the propagation of light through turbid media. Numerical simulations were performed which agree with experimental results obtained using a commercial in-plane switching liquid crystal display for modulating the input polarization states.

Biomedical applications of holographic microspectroscopy [invited].

The identification and quantification of specific molecules are crucial for studying the pathophysiology of cells, tissues, and organs as well as diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Recent advances in holographic microspectroscopy, based on quantitative phase imaging or optical coherence tomography techniques, show promise for label-free noninvasive optical detection and quantification of specific molecules in living cells and tissues (e.g.

LCD panel characterization by measuring full Jones matrix of individual pixels using polarization-sensitive digital holographic microscopy.

We present measurements of the full Jones matrix of individual pixels in a liquid-crystal display (LCD) panel. Employing a polarization-sensitive digital holographic microscopy based on Mach-Zehnder interferometry, the complex amplitudes of the light passing through individual LCD pixels are precisely measured with respect to orthogonal bases of polarization states, from which the full Jones matrix components of individual pixels are obtained. We also measure the changes in the Jones matrix of individual LCD pixels with respect to an applied bias.

Full-field subwavelength imaging using a scattering superlens.

Light-matter interaction gives optical microscopes tremendous versatility compared with other imaging methods such as electron microscopes, scanning probe microscopes, or x-ray scattering where there are various limitations on sample preparation and where the methods are inapplicable to bioimaging with live cells. However, this comes at the expense of a limited resolution due to the diffraction limit. Here, we demonstrate a novel method utilizing elastic scattering from disordered nanoparticles to achieve subdiffraction limited imaging.

Depth-enhanced 2-D optical coherence tomography using complex wavefront shaping.

We report the enhancement in the obtained signal and penetration depth of 2-D depth-resolved images that were taken by shaping the incident wavefront in optical coherence tomography (OCT). Limitations in the penetration depth and signal to noise ratio (SNR) in OCT are mainly due to multiple scattering, which have been effectively suppressed by controlling the incident wavefront using a digital mirror device (DMD) in combination with spectral-domain OCT. The successful enhancements in the penetration depth and SNR are demonstrated in a wide-range of tissue phantoms, reaching depth enhancement of up to 92%.

Measuring large optical transmission matrices of disordered media.

We report a measurement of the large optical transmission matrix (TM) of a complex turbid medium. The TM is acquired using polarization-sensitive, full-field interferometric microscopy equipped with a rotating galvanometer mirror. It is represented with respect to input and output bases of optical modes, which correspond to plane wave components of the respective illumination and transmitted waves.

Complex wavefront shaping for optimal depth-selective focusing in optical coherence tomography.

We report on an approach to exploit multiple light scattering by shaping the incident wavefront in optical coherence tomography (OCT). Most of the reflected signal from biological tissue consists of multiply scattered light, which is regarded as noise in OCT. A digital mirror device (DMD) is utilized to shape the incident wavefront such that the maximal energy is focused at a specific depth in a highly scattering sample using a coherence-gated reflectance signal as feedback.

Fourier-transform light scattering of individual colloidal clusters.

We present measurements of the scalar-field light scattering of individual dimer, trimer, and tetrahedron shapes among colloidal clusters. By measuring the electric field with quantitative phase imaging at the sample plane and then numerically propagating to the far-field scattering plane, the two-dimensional light-scattering patterns from individual colloidal clusters are effectively and precisely retrieved. The measured scattering patterns are consistent with simulated patterns calculated from the generalized multiparticle Mie solution.