De Novo Genome Assembly and Phylogenetic Analysis of .

, a pharmaceutically valuable plant from the Asteraceae family, has been utilized for over 2000 years. Unlike other thistles, it is native to East Asia and found exclusively on Ulleung Island on the Korea Peninsula. Despite its significance, the genome information of has remained unclear.

Comparison of Root Transcriptomes against Clubroot Disease Pathogens in a Resistant Chinese Cabbage Cultivar ( cv. 'Akimeki').

Clubroot, caused by , is one of the diseases that causes major economic losses in cruciferous crops worldwide. Although prevention strategies, including soil pH adjustment and crop rotation, have been used, the disease's long persistence and devastating impact continuously remain in the soil. CR varieties were developed for clubroot-resistant (CR) Chinese cabbage, and 'Akimeki' is one of the clubroot disease-resistant cultivars.

A comprehensive analysis integrating phenotypic assessment uncovering thornless cultivar lineages in Aralia elata.

Aralia elata is an Araliaceae woody plant species found in Northeastern Asia. To understand how genetic pools are distributed for A.elata clones, we were to analyze the population structure of A.

CyberKnife based fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy as an upfront treatment for cerebral arteriovenous malformation.

Background: To explore the therapeutic outcomes of CyberKnife based fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (CKFRT) for patients with cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVM).

Methods: Between January 2008 and October 2020, 45 patients underwent CKFRT for cerebral AVMs as a first treatment. The delineation of AVM targets included AVM nidus.

A review of the complexity adjustment in the Korean Diagnosis-Related Group (KDRG).

Background: The Korean Diagnosis-Related Groups (KDRG) was revised in 2003, modifying the complexity adjustment mechanism of the Australian Refined Diagnosis-Related Groups (AR-DRGs). In 2014, the Complication and Comorbidity Level (CCL) of the existing AR-DRG system was found to have very little correlation with cost.

Objective: Based on the Australian experience, the CCL for KDRG version 3.

Outcomes of Stenting versus Endarterectomy for Symptomatic Extracranial Carotid Stenosis: A Retrospective Multicenter Study in Korea.

Background: The present multicenter retrospective study aimed to compare the outcome of carotid artery stenting (CAS) versus carotid endarterectomy (CEA) among Korean patients with symptomatic extracranial carotid stenosis.

Methods: Between January 2008 and December 2011, 677 patients underwent either CAS (346, 51.1%) or CEA (331, 48.

Factors influencing the incidence and treatment of intracranial aneurysm and subarachnoid hemorrhage: time trends and socioeconomic disparities under an universal healthcare system.

Background: Despite increasing usage of endovascular treatments for intracranial aneurysms, few research studies have been conducted on the incidence of unruptured aneurysm (UA) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and could not show a decrease in the incidence of SAH. Moreover, research on socioeconomic disparities with respect to the diagnosis and treatment of UA and SAH is lacking.

Method: Trends in the incidences of newly detected UA and SAH and trends in the treatment modalities used were assessed from 2005 to 2015 using the nationwide database of the Korean National Health Insurance Service in South Korea.

A Faster and Wider Skin Incision Technique for Decompressive Craniectomy: n-Shaped Incision for Decompressive Craniectomy.

Objective: Decompressive craniectomy (DC) is a useful surgical method to achieve adequate decompression in hypertensive intracranial patients. This study suggested a new skin incision for DC, and analyzed its efficacy and safety.

Methods: In the retrograde reviews, 15 patients underwent a newly suggested surgical approach using n-shape skin incision technique (Group A) and 23 patients were treated with conventional question mark skin incision technique (Group B).

Three-year follow-up of blood pressure after treating hypertensive patients with symptomatic carotid artery stenosis.

Background: Blood pressure (BP) was reported to decrease significantly after carotid endarterectomy (CEA) or carotid stenting (CAS) up to the 1-year follow-up. We evaluated changes in BP for 3 years after treating hypertensive patients with symptomatic carotid artery stenosis by either CEA or CAS and determined predisposing factors for normotensive BP at the 3-year follow-up.

Methods: A total of 123 hypertensive patients with at least 3 years of clinical and radiographic follow-up after treatment were included in this study and placed in the CEA (n = 65) or CAS group (n = 58).

Clinical, Radiologic, and Pathologic Findings of Subdural Osteoma: A Case Report.

We present a case of a subdural osteoma. A 29-year-old female presented with a 3-year history of headaches. Computed tomography scan revealed a homogeneous high-density lesion isolated from the inner table of the frontal bone (a lucent dural line) in the right frontal convexity.

Early Decompression of Acute Subdural Hematoma for Postoperative Neurological Improvement: A Single Center Retrospective Review of 10 Years.

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate survival related factors, as well as to evaluate the effects of early decompression on acute subdural hematoma (ASDH).

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed cases of decompressive craniectomy (DC) for decade. In total, 198 cases of DC involved ASDH were available for review, and 65 cases were excluded due to missing data on onset time and a delayed operation after closed observation with medical care.

Delayed Vertebral Artery Dissection after Posterior Cervical Fusion with Traumatic Cervical Instability: A Case Report.

Vascular injury presented immediately after the penetration, but delayed onset of vascular symptom caused by an embolism or vessel dissection after cervical fusion or traumatic event is extremely rare. We present a case of a 56-year-old woman who underwent an operation for cervical fusion for type II Odontoid process fracture. She presented symptoms of seizure with hemiparesis in 6 days after the operation.

A case of hemifacial spasm caused by an artery passing through the facial nerve.

Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is a clinical syndrome characterized by unilateral facial nerve dysfunction. The usual cause involves vascular compression of the seventh cranial nerve, but compression by an artery passing through the facial nerve is very unusual. A 20-year-old man presented with left facial spasm that had persisted for 4 years.

Cervical arthroplasty for moderate to severe disc degeneration: clinical and radiological assessments after a minimum follow-up of 18 months--Pfirrmann grade and cervical arthroplasty.

Purpose: Clinical outcomes and radiologic results after cervical arthroplasty have been reported in many articles, yet relatively few studies after cervical arthroplasty have been conducted in severe degenerative cervical disc disease.

Materials And Methods: Sixty patients who underwent cervical arthroplasty (Mobi-C®) between April 2006 and November 2011 with a minimum follow-up of 18 months were enrolled in this study. Patients were divided into two groups according to Pfirrmann classification on preoperative cervical MR images: group A (Pfirrmann disc grade III, n=38) and group B (Pfirrmann disc grades IV or V, n=22).

Improvement in sensory function via granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in rat spinal cord injury models.

Object: The aim in this study was to determine whether granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) leads to sensory improvement in rat spinal cord injury (SCI) models.

Methods: Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were included in this study: 10 in the sham group (laminectomy alone without SCI), 10 in the SCI group (SCI treated with phosphate-buffered saline), and 10 in the GM-CSF treatment group (SCI treated with GM-CSF). A locomotor function test and pain sensitivity test were conducted weekly for 9 weeks after SCI or sham injury.

Effects of carotid artery stenosis treatment on blood pressure.

Object: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the long-term effects of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and carotid artery stenting (CAS) on blood pressure (BP).

Methods: Between January 2003 and December 2009, 134 patients underwent 145 procedures for treatment of carotid artery stenosis. Patients with at least 1 year of clinical and radiographic follow-up after treatment were included in this study.

Influence of Moyamoya disease on psychopathological abnormality in young males in Korea: analysis of multiphasic personal inventory test.

We analyzed the results of a multiphasic personal inventory test to confirm whether Moyamoya disease (MMD) affects the psychopathology in a group of young male Koreans. The authors manually reviewed the results of the Korean military multiphasic personal inventory (KMPI) for the examination of conscripts in Korea from July 2006 to May 2010. The normal volunteers group (N = 200) was composed of those males who do not have any brain disease or brain trauma.

Cerebrovascular disease and stroke in Korean male adolescent.

Purpose: This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and incidence of cerebrovascular disease (CVD) and stroke in Korean male adolescents.

Materials And Methods: The authors reviewed all medical certificates, medical records, and radiologic images from the examinations of Korean military conscription from January 2008 to May 2011.

Results: Of the 101,156 examinees, 40 had CVD and stroke during adolescence.

Endovascular treatment of basilar artery trunk aneurysms.

Background: There has been little reported on the endovascular experience of basilar artery (BA) trunk aneurysms due to its low incidence. The purpose of this study is to report the results of endovascular treatment (EVT) of BA trunk aneurysms.

Methods: Between 2004 and 2008, eight BA trunk aneurysms were treated by EVT.

Granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor shows anti-apoptotic activity in neural progenitor cells via JAK/STAT5-Bcl-2 pathway.

Recently, many studies have shown that granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) has anti-apoptotic activity and regulates the expression of anti-apoptotic genes including Bcl-2 family proteins in neuronal cells in vitro and in vivo. This study investigated detailed mechanism of GM-CSF involved in its anti-apoptotic activity and regulation of Bcl-2 expression in neural progenitor cells (NPCs) as a model. NPCs were cultured from the brain of E13 ICR mouse.

Reduction in programmed cell death and improvement in functional outcome of transient focal cerebral ischemia after administration of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in rats. Laboratory investigation.

Object: Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a potent hematopoietic growth factor that both enhances the survival and drives the differentiation and proliferation of myeloid lineage cells. Recent studies have suggested that GM-CSF has a neuroprotective effect against CNS injury. In this paper, the authors investigated the neuroprotective effect of GM-CSF on neuron survival and locomotor behavior in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemic injury.

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor promotes survival of dopaminergic neurons in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced murine Parkinson's disease model.

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a hematopoietic cytokine that has the potential for clinical application. The biological effects of GM-CSF have been well characterized, and include stimulation of bone marrow hematopoietic stem cell proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis of hematopoietic cells. In contrast, the therapeutic effects of GM-CSF on the central nervous system in acute injury such as stroke and spinal cord injury have been reported only recently.

Time course of symptom disappearance after microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm.

Objective: This study is to investigate time course of symptom disappearance in patients whose spasm relieved completely after microvascular decompression (MVD).

Methods: Of 115 patients with hemifacial spasm (HFS) who underwent MVD from April 2003 to December 2006, 89 patients who had no facial paralysis after operation and showed no spasm at last follow-up more than 1.5 years after operation were selected.

GM-CSF inhibits glial scar formation and shows long-term protective effect after spinal cord injury.

Object: This study investigated the effects of granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) on the scar formation and repair of spinal cord tissues in rat spinal cord injury (SCI) model.

Methods: Sprague-Dawley male rats (8 weeks old) were randomly divided into the sham-operated group, spinal cord injury group, and injury with GM-CSF treated group. A spinal cord injury was induced at T9/10 levels of rat spinal cord using a vascular clip.