Progress in organic photovoltaics for indoor application.

Organic photovoltaics (OPVs) have recently emerged as feasible alternatives for indoor light harvesting because of their variable optical absorption, high absorption coefficients, and low leakage currents under low lighting circumstances. Extensive research has been performed over the last decade in the quest for highly efficient, ecologically stable, and economically feasible indoor organic photovoltaics (IOPVs). This research covers a wide range of topics, including the development of new donor-acceptor materials, interlayers (such as electron and hole transport layers), energy loss reduction, open-circuit voltage enhancement material and device engineering, and device architecture optimization.