A Systems Biological Approach to Understanding the Mechanisms Underlying the Therapeutic Potential of Red Ginseng Supplements against Metabolic Diseases.

Red ginseng has been widely used in health-promoting supplements in Asia and is becoming increasingly popular in Western countries. However, its therapeutic mechanisms against most diseases have not been clearly elucidated. The aim of the present study was to provide the biological mechanisms of red ginseng against various metabolic diseases.

Triticum aestivum Sprouts Extract Inhibits Azoymethane (AOM)/Dextran Sodium Sulfate (DSS)-Induced Colon Carcinogenesis in Mice.

Chronic intestinal inflammation is critical risk factor of colorectal cancer. Triticum aestivum sprouts have been reported to provide a number of health benefits and used as a dietary supplement. In this study, the authors investigated the regulatory effects of T.

Triticum aestivum sprout extract attenuates 2,4‑dinitrochlorobenzene‑induced atopic dermatitis‑like skin lesions in mice and the expression of chemokines in human keratinocytes.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic, recurring, inflammatory skin disease. A number of researchers have been seeking safe AD therapies for a long time. Triticum aestivum sprouts (TAEE), known as wheatgrass, are one of the most widely used health foods worldwide.

Complement C1q stimulates the progression of hepatocellular tumor through the activation of discoidin domain receptor 1.

C1q is known to perform several functions in addition to the role it plays in complement activation. C1q contains a collagen-like portion and DDR1 (discoidin domain receptor 1) is a well-known collagen receptor. Accordingly, we hypothesized C1q might be a novel ligand of DDR1.

Euphorbia supina extract results in inhibition of high‑fat‑diet‑induced obesity in mice.

The present study was undertaken to investigate the anti‑obesity effect of a 50% ethanol extract of Euphorbia supina (ESEE) in high‑fat‑diet (HFD)‑induced obese C57BL/6J mice. Mice were fed a HFD with or without ESEE (2, 10, or 50 mg/kg) or with Garcinia cambogia (positive control) for 6 weeks. ESEE supplementation significantly reduced body, epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT), and organ weights (P<0.

In vitro and in vivo anti-cancer activity of dichloromethane fraction of Triticum aestivum sprouts.

Triticum aestivum sprouts (TA) contain significant amounts of chlorophyll, minerals, enzymes, and other functional entities. Furthermore, TA extracts have been shown to possess anti-obesity, anti-diabetic and hepatoprotective effects and are believed to help blood flow, digestion, and general detoxification of the body. In this study, the mechanism underlying the anti-cancer effects of a dichloromethane fraction of TA (TDF) was investigated in vitro and in vivo.

Triticum aestivum sprout-derived polysaccharide exerts hepatoprotective effects against ethanol-induced liver damage by enhancing the antioxidant system in mice.

Triticum aestivum sprout-derived polysaccharide (TASP) has anti-diabetic properties, but no information is available in regards to its protective effect against ethanol-induced hepatic injury. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism behind the protective role of TASP against ethanol-induced liver injury in vivo. Male C57BL/6 mice were administered ethanol with or without TASP for 10 consecutive days by oral gavage.

A dichloromethane fraction of Triticum aestivum sprouts reduces allergic immune response through inhibiting Th2 differentiation in ovalbumin‑immunized mice.

Triticum aestivum sprouts are small shoots that germinate from seeds and are consumed as a dietary supplement. The present study aimed to determine whether a dichloromethane fraction isolated from Triticum aestivum sprouts (TDF) suppressed the allergic immune response in ovalbumin (OVA)‑sensitized mice. In vivo experiments were performed by administering TDF or vehicle to mice during the sensitization and this was immediately followed by an intradermal injection of OVA into the ears.

Wheatgrass-Derived Polysaccharide Has Antiinflammatory, Anti-Oxidative and Anti-Apoptotic Effects on LPS-Induced Hepatic Injury in Mice.

Hepatic injury occurs frequently during sepsis, and polysaccharides isolated from plants have been reported to have antiinflammatory and antioxidant effects in various models. However, the effect of wheatgrass-derived polysaccharide (WGP) has not been previously studied. In the present study, we investigated the effect of WGP on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced hepatic injury in mice.

Triticumoside induces apoptosis via caspase-dependent mitochondrial pathway and inhibits migration through downregulation of MMP2/9 in human lung cancer cells.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the major cancer-related death worldwide with only 14% five-year survival rate. Triticumoside, a phenolic compound present in Triticum aestivum sprout extract, has been recognized to have antiobesity and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the effect of triticumoside on cancer cell proliferation and migration has not been studied.

Flavonoids from Triticum aestivum inhibit adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells by upregulating the insig pathway.

The present study aimed to compare the potential anti-adipogenic effects and underlying mechanisms of the luteolin, isoscoparin and isoorientin flavonoids, purified from Triticum aestivum sprout (TA) in 3T3-L1 cells. The cells were treated with different concentrations of flavonoids for 8 days and the lipid accumulation was assessed using Oil-Red-O staining. The expression levels of the transcription factors and the genes involved in adipogenesis in the cells were assessed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting.

Anti-obesity effect of Triticum aestivum sprout extract in high-fat-diet-induced obese mice.

Obesity is a common disease worldwide that often results in serious conditions including hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia. Many herbal medicines have been examined with regard to ameliorating obesity. We investigated the anti-obesity effects of 50% EtOH extract of Triticum aestivum sprout (TAEE) in high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obese mice.

Collagen I-induced dendritic cells activation is regulated by TNF-alpha production through down-regulation of IRF4.

Previously we have shown that collagen I enhances the maturation and function of dendritic cells (DCs). Inflammatory mediators such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF)- alpha, interleukin (IL)-1 beta and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are also known to activate DCs. Here we investigated the involvement of TNF-alpha on the collagen I-induced DCs activation.

Chemical constituents of Triticum aestivum and their effects on adipogenic differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes.

In this report, we investigated the anti-obesity effect of wheat sprouts and their component compounds. Twenty compounds (1-20) were isolated from Triticum aestivum. Among them, glycolipids 1-5 were determined for the first time from T.

Dioscin inhibits adipogenesis through the AMPK/MAPK pathway in 3T3-L1 cells and modulates fat accumulation in obese mice.

Dioscin (DS) is a steroidal saponin present in a number of medicinal plants and has been shown to exert anticancer, antifungal and antiviral effects. The present study aimed to deternube the effects DS on the regulation of adipogenesis and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. In vitro experiments were performed using differentiating 3T3-L1 cells treated with various concentrations (0-4 µM) of DS for 6 days.

Downregulation of ERK signaling impairs U2OS osteosarcoma cell migration in collagen matrix by suppressing MMP9 production.

The present study investigated the role of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation in the migratory phenotype of human U2OS osteosarcoma (OS) cells in a collagen matrix. The activation of ERK was inhibited by PD98059, a specific inhibitor of ERK kinase. Additionally, no significant differences were observed in the adhesion and proliferation of the cells with or without PD98059 treatment in collagen-coated dishes.

Induction of IL-12 production by the activation of discoidin domain receptor 2 via NF-κB and JNK pathway.

We investigated the mechanism involving discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR2) mediated production of interleukin 12 (IL-12). When compared to control, collagen I upregulated the IL-12 luciferase activity on DDR2 expressing cells. Collagen I induced the phosphorylation of DDR2 and enhanced the phosphorylation of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinases.