Electronic Switching between Hot Electrons and Hot Holes via Schottky Junctions during Chemical Reactions.

Hot carriers, generated through nonadiabatic energy dissipation during exothermic catalytic reactions, play a pivotal role in enhancing catalytic performance. Upon generation, hot electrons typically reside in the sp-band above the Fermi level, while hot holes are formed in the -band below the Fermi level, following the energy distribution of the metal's electronic structure. However, it has been technically challenging to simultaneously capture and understand the flow of these two opposite charges during chemical reactions.

Improved cognitive performance following supplementation with a mixed-grain diet in high school students: a randomized controlled trial.

Objective: Adolescence is a stage of rapid growth, when rich nutritional supplementation is important. Maintaining optimal cognitive functioning is critical in high school students, who are under considerable academic pressure. The objectives of this study were to identify the effects of a 9-wk randomly assigned diet of mixed grains versus a regular diet on cognitive performance and on levels of plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and S100B, a calcium-binding protein produced by astroglial cells, in healthy high school students (grades 10 and 11).