Effects of winter skiing on stress, heart rate, apprehension, and enjoyment in collegiate students: a single randomized controlled trial.

This study investigated the effect of winter skiing on stress levels in collegiate students and also observed psychological factors related to heart rate, apprehension, and enjoyment. Two hundred thirty-eight male students were randomly classified into the control group (n=117) or the ski group (n=121). The control group received lectures on skiing; however, the ski group received practical ski training.

Cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 metabolites play a critical role in pulmonary tumor metastasis in mice.

Background: Cytoplasmic PLA(2) (cPLA2) has been shown to be the major enzyme responsible for arachidonic acid (AA) release. Because of this key role of cPLA(2) in AA production, cPLA(2) involvement in tumorigenesis has been suggested. However, contradictory data are found in the literature.

CpG-ODN-based immunotherapy is effective in controlling the growth of metastasized tumor cells.

Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing unmethylated CpG motifs (CpG-ODN) act as potent immune stimulators by activating innate immunity through toll-like receptor 9. These immunomodulatory effects of CpG-ODN have been reported to be associated with anti-tumor immunity. In this study, we used a murine B16F10 melanoma model and a CT26 colon cancer model to assess whether CpG-ODN-based immunotherapy was effective in inhibiting tumor cells that have already metastasized to distant organs.