Short-term efficacy of 1-month and 3-month gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist depots in girls with central precocious puberty.

Purpose: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) has been the mainstay of central precocious puberty (CPP) treatment for decades, but few reports have compared the efficacy of 1-month and 3-month depot GnRHa formulations. This study investigates the short-term efficacy of 1-month and 3-month GnRHa depots in girls with CPP.

Methods: Overall, 150 girls with CPP were included in a retrospective review of medical records.

Maternal Hyperglycemia during Pregnancy Increases Adiposity of Offspring.

Background: The effect of intrauterine hyperglycemia on fat mass and regional fat proportion of the offspring of mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (OGDM) remains to be determined.

Methods: The body composition of OGDM (n=25) and offspring of normoglycemic mothers (n=49) was compared using dualenergy X-ray absorptiometry at age 5 years. The relationship between maternal glucose concentration during a 100 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and regional fat mass or proportion was analyzed after adjusting for maternal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI).

The durability and effectiveness of sensor-augmented insulin pump therapy in pediatric and young adult patients with type 1 diabetes.

Purpose: Despite the prevalent use of insulin pump therapy worldwide, few studies have been conducted among young patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) in Korea. We investigated the durability and effectiveness of insulin pump therapy among Korean pediatric and young adult patients with T1D.

Methods: This study included 54 patients with T1D diagnosed at pediatric ages (range, 1.

Thyroid dysfunction in preterm infants born before 32 gestational weeks.

Background: Thyroid hormones are critical for growth and brain development during the newborn period and infancy. Because of delayed maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in preterm infants, thyroid dysfunction is common, and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) elevation is often delayed in preterm infants. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of thyroid dysfunction requiring levothyroxine treatment and to identify its risk factors in preterm infants.

How can the occurrence of delayed elevation of thyroid stimulating hormone in preterm infants born between 35 and 36 weeks gestation be predicted?

Objective: We evaluated frequency and risk factors of delayed TSH elevation (dTSH) and investigated follow-up outcomes in the dTSH group with venous TSH (v-TSH) levels of 6-20 mU/L according to whether late preterm infants born at gestational age (GA) 35-36 weeks had risk factors.

Methods: The medical records of 810 neonates (414 boys) born at Seoul National University Hospital who had a normal neonatal screening test (NST) and underwent the first repeat venous blood test at 10-21 days post birth were reviewed.

Results: Seventy-three (9.

Screening and management of thyroid dysfunction in preterm infants.

Preterm infants can suffer various thyroid dysfunctions associated with developmental immaturity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, postnatal illness, medications, or iodine supply. The incidence of thyroid dysfunction among preterm infants is higher than that among term infants and has been increasing with improvement in the survival of preterm infants. Hypothyroxinemia is frequently observed during the first week of life in extreme preterm neonates, and the incidence of delayed thyrotropin elevation is high at the age of 2-6 weeks.

Pregnancy Outcomes of Women Additionally Diagnosed as Gestational Diabetes by the International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Criteria.

Background: We investigated the pregnancy outcomes in women who were diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) by the International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) criteria but not by the Carpenter-Coustan (CC) criteria.

Methods: A total of 8,735 Korean pregnant women were identified at two hospitals between 2014 and 2016. Among them, 2,038 women participated in the prospective cohort to investigate pregnancy outcomes.

Excessive Iodine Intake and Subclinical Hypothyroidism in Children and Adolescents Aged 6-19 Years: Results of the Sixth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013-2015.

Background: Iodine is an important element for the synthesis of thyroid hormone, and its deficiency or excessive intake is associated with various thyroid diseases. Little is known about the association between iodine status and thyroid function among children and adolescents living in iodine-rich areas. Therefore, this study analyzed this association using data from a nationwide survey.

DNA methylation profiles in sibling pairs discordant for intrauterine exposure to maternal gestational diabetes.

Intrauterine exposure to hyperglycemia is reported to confer increased metabolic risk in later life, supporting the 'developmental origins of health and disease' hypothesis. Epigenetic alterations are suggested as one of the possible underlying mechanisms. In this study, we compared pairwise DNA methylation differences between siblings whose intrauterine exposure to maternal gestational diabetes (GDM) were discordant.

Three-year follow-up of children with abnormal newborn screening results for congenital hypothyroidism.

Background: To analyze predictive factors suggesting transient congenital hypothyroidism (TCH) compared to permanent congenital hypothyroidism (PCH) or transient thyroid function test (TFT) abnormalities among children who had positive screening results at our centers over the past decade.

Methods: A retrospective chart review of 105 subjects who presented elevated TSH levels on a newborn screening test (NST) was done. TCH was defined when a trial-off therapy was successful, and PCH was defined when a trial failed or when the subject was kept on medication beyond 3 years of age.

Factors Associated with the Presence and Severity of Diabetic Ketoacidosis at Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes in Korean Children and Adolescents.

The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors for presence and severity of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) at the onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in Korean children and adolescents. A retrospective chart review of children and adolescents newly diagnosed with T1DM was conducted in seven secondary and tertiary centers in Korea. Eligible subjects were < 20 years of age and had records on the presence or absence of DKA at the time of T1DM diagnosis.

Contributions of CAG repeat length in the androgen receptor gene and androgen profiles to premature pubarche in Korean girls.

The CAG repeat length of the androgen receptor (AR) gene, which exhibits an inverse relationship to AR sensitivity, might influence the development of the pubarche along with hyperandrogenemia. There are ethnic differences in the AR CAG repeat length, however, no Asian studies on premature pubarche (PP) have been reported, including Korea. Our objectives were to examine the hormone levels and AR CAG repeat length, and to assess their contributions to PP in Korean girls.

Multiple osteoblastomas in a child with Cushing syndrome due to bilateral adrenal micronodular hyperplasias.

Adrenocorticotropin-independent adrenal hyperplasias are rare diseases, which are classified into macronodular (>1 cm) and micronodular (≤1 cm) hyperplasia. Micronodular adrenal hyperplasia is subdivided into primary pigmented adrenocortical disease and a limited or nonpigmented form 'micronodular adrenocortical disease (MAD)', although considerable morphological and genetic overlap is observed between the 2 groups. We present an unusual case of a 44-month-old girl who was diagnosed with Cushing syndrome due to MAD.

Blood glucose levels within 7 days after birth in preterm infants according to gestational age.

Purpose: This study investigated blood glucose levels in preterm babies according to gestational age (GA).

Methods: Subjects were 141 preterm infants with a GA<34 weeks. Data on blood glucose levels, GA, body weight, glucose infusion rate, and other contributing factors in the first 7 days after birth were analyzed.

Clinical and laboratory characteristics of neonatal hypocalcemia.

Purpose: To describe the clinical characteristics of full-term neonates with hypocalcemia and to suggest factors associated with neonatal hypocalcemia.

Methods: The medical records of full-term neonates with hypocalcemia were reviewed. Hypocalcemia was defined as an ionized calcium (iCa) concentration of <4 mg/dL.

Adrenal and thyroid function in the fetus and preterm infant.

Adrenal and thyroid hormones are essential for the regulation of intrauterine homeostasis, and for the timely differentiation and maturation of fetal organs. These hormones play complex roles during fetal life, and are believed to underlie the cellular communication that coordinates maternal-fetal interactions. They serve to modulate the functional adaptation for extrauterine life during the perinatal period.

Iodine and thyroid function.

Severe iodine deficiency causes hypothyroidism that results in impaired somatic growth and motor development in children. Mild and moderate iodine deficiencies cause multifocal autonomous growth of thyroid, which results in thyrotoxicosis. On the other hand, iodine excess is associated with the development of hypothyroidism and thyroid autoimmunity.

Subclinical hypothyroidism during valproic acid therapy in children and adolescents with epilepsy.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of thyroid dysfunction during valproic acid (VPA) therapy in children and adolescents with epilepsy. The serum levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine, and triiodothyronine were evaluated in 61 children with epilepsy who received VPA monotherapy for more than 6 months and in 144 controls. We analyzed the effect of age, seizure type, duration of VPA treatment, dose of VPA, and serum level of VPA on thyroid function.

High allele frequency of the p.Q258X mutation and identification of a novel mis-splicing mutation in the STAR gene in Korean patients with congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia.

Objective: Steroidogenic acute regulatory (STAR) protein plays a crucial role in steroidogenesis, and mutations in the STAR gene cause congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia (CLAH). This study investigated the STAR mutation spectrum and functionally analyzed a novel STAR mutation in Korean patients with CLAH.

Methods: Mutation analysis of STAR was carried out in 25 unrelated Korean CLAH patients.

Clinical characterization and identification of two novel mutations of the GNAS gene in patients with pseudohypoparathyroidism and pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism.

Objective: Pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) and pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (PPHP) are rare disorders resulting from genetic and epigenetic aberrations in the GNAS locus.

Design: Investigation of clinical characteristics and molecular analysis in PHP and PPHP.

Patients: Fourteen subjects from 13 unrelated families including subjects with PPHP (n = 1), PHP-Ia (n = 6) and PHP-Ib (n = 7) were enrolled.

Independent relationships of obesity and insulin resistance with serum proinsulin level in prepubertal children with normal glucose tolerance.

Objectives: We compared the fasting serum proinsulin levels in lean, overweight, and obese prepubertal children with normal glucose tolerance (NGT). We also evaluated the relationship between fasting proinsulin level and indices of insulin resistance (IR).

Subjects And Methods: One hundred nine prepubertal children (mean age, 8.

The association of variable number of tandem repeats of the insulin gene with susceptibility to type 1 diabetes among Korean subjects.

Background: There is ethnic variation in the variable number of tandem repeats of the insulin gene (INS VNTR), one of the susceptibility loci for developing type 1 diabetes (T1D). We evaluated the influence of the genotypes and subdivisions of INS VNTR on the development of T1D in Korean subjects.

Methods: The study included 352 Korean patients, under the age of 18 years who were diagnosed as having T1D, and 356 control subjects.

Subclinical hypothyroidism in Korean preterm infants associated with high levels of iodine in breast milk.

Context: The dietary iodine intake of lactating women has been reported to be high in Korea.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess iodine balance and to determine its relationship with thyroid function in preterm infants.

Design: Thyroid functions of preterm infants born at 34 wk gestation or less were evaluated in the first (n = 31) and third (n = 19) weeks.

High incidence of thyroid dysfunction in preterm infants.

To determine the validity of a repeat thyroid function test for preterm infants, and to investigate factors that influence thyroid function of preterm infants, thyroid functions of 105 infants born at <32 weeks' gestational age were evaluated. Initial serum free thyroxine (fT4) and thyrotropin (TSH) levels were measured during the first 10 days of life, and repeated tests were performed more than 2 weeks apart. We analyzed the effects of gestational age, systemic diseases, and nutrition on the development of thyroid dysfunction.