Newly Developed Sex-Specific Z Score Model for Coronary Artery Diameter in a Pediatric Population.

Background: This study aimed to generate a Z score calculation model for coronary artery diameter of normal children and adolescents to be adopted as the standard calculation method with consensus in clinical practice.

Methods: This study was a retrospective, multicenter study that collected data from multiple institutions across South Korea. Data were analyzed to determine the model that best fit the relationship between the diameter of coronary arteries and independent demographic parameters.

Identification of Autoantigens in Pediatric Gastric Juices.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the presence of autoantigens in the gastric juices of children.

Methods: Gastric juice and serum samples were obtained from 53 children <15 years of age who underwent gastric endoscopy. Among these, 8, 22, and 23 participants were in the age groups 0-5, 6-10, and 11-15 years, respectively.

The Optimal Time for Initiating Probiotics for Preterm and Very-Low-Birth-Weight Infants: A 10-Year Experience in a Single Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.

Purpose: The starting time for probiotic supplementation in preterm infants after birth varies widely. This study aimed to investigate the optimal time for initiating probiotics to reduce adverse outcomes in preterm or very low birth weight (VLBW) infants.

Methods: Medical records of preterm infants born at a gestational age (GA) of <32 weeks or VLBW infants in 2011-2020 were reviewed respectively.

Parenting stress and interactive engagement behaviors in children with developmental delay.

Background: In clinical practice, the importance of interactive engagement behaviors is overlooked in children with developmental problems other than autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Parenting stress affects children's development but lacks attention from clinicians.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the characteristics of interactive engagement behaviors and parenting stress among non-ASD children with developmental delays (DDs).

Pediatric syncope: pearls and pitfalls in history taking.

Syncope is a heterogeneous syndrome with complex underlying mechanisms, hence, the spectrum of patients presenting with syncope is broad. The diagnosis of syncope begins with history taking, and an accurate diagnosis can be established through correct history taking and interpretation. Building and interpreting patient history are the main factors that cause a diagnostic yield gap between experts and nonexperts.

Difference in macrophage migration inhibitory factor between preterm and term newborns and associating clinical factors: Preliminary study.

This study aimed to investigate the macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and associated clinical factors in neonates. Clinical information and blood samples were obtained from 77 neonates. Clinical details were reviewed from medical records, and MIF was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using blood samples acquired within a week after birth.

Neurodevelopmental Outcomes of Neonatal Rotavirus-Associated Leukoencephalopathy.

Rotavirus infection has been reported to be associated with neonatal seizures with a diffuse and symmetrical diffusion restriction of periventricular white matter, namely, neonatal rotavirus-associated leukoencephalopathy. The extensive white matter injury seen in this cohort raises concerns about the long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes. In the present study, we prospectively assessed the neurodevelopmental outcomes of 13 patients with neonatal rotavirus-associated leukoencephalopathy at a median age of 26 months (range, 23-68 months).

Pulmonary function of healthy Korean children from three independent birth cohorts: Validation of the Global Lung Function Initiative 2012 equation.

Background And Objective: Global Lung Function Initiative (GLI) 2012 equations were developed to resolve the age-related disparity in interpreting spirometry results. Local validation of the equation is needed, especially in Northeast Asian children. This study evaluated the GLI equation in Korean children.

Risk Factors and Effects of Severe Late-Onset Hyponatremia on Long-Term Growth of Prematurely Born Infants.

Purpose: Sodium is an essential nutritional electrolyte that affects growth. A low serum sodium concentration in healthy premature infants beyond 2 weeks of life is called late-onset hyponatremia (LOH). Here, we investigated the association between LOH severity and growth outcomes in premature infants.

Changes in Seroprevalence of Infection over 20 Years in Jinju, Korea, from Newborns to the Elderly.

Background: The objective of this study was to examine changes in the prevalence of cytotoxic-associated gene A (CagA) positive infection in Jinju, Korea, over the last 20 years.

Methods: Three cross-sectional analyses were conducted concurrently. A total of 1,305 serum samples were collected from 1994-1995, 2004-2005, and 2014-2015, respectively.

Dynamic Changes of Fecal Calprotectin and Related Clinical Factors in Neonates.

Fecal calprotectin (FC) has been widely used for a clinical marker of intestinal inflammation in children and adults. However, the clinical usefulness has not been determined in neonates. The purpose of this study was to investigate the change of FC and associated clinical factors in neonates.

Vegetable dietary pattern may protect mild and persistent allergic rhinitis phenotype depending on genetic risk in school children.

Background: The effect of diet on allergic rhinitis (AR), its severity in children, and whether it modifies AR depending on genetic susceptibility are unknown. We investigated the association between dietary patterns and AR in school children and the influence of diet on AR according to a genetic risk score (GRS).

Methods: Totally, 435 7-year-old school children were recruited from the Panel Study on Korean Children.

Report: central diabetes insipidus and schwannoma in a male with X-linked congenital adrenal hypoplasia.

Background: DAX1 mutations are related to the X-linked form of adrenal hypoplasia congenita (AHC) in infancy and to hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) in puberty. We report a male patient affected by X-linked AHC who presented with central diabetes insipidus and schwannoma in adulthood, which has not been described in association with AHC.

Case Presentation: A 36-day-old male infant who presented with severe dehydration was admitted to the intensive care unit.

Risk Factors and Comorbidities Associated With the Allergic Rhinitis Phenotype in Children According to the ARIA Classification.

Purpose: Data are lacking on the association between the allergic rhinitis (AR) phenotype and sensitization to specific allergens or bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) in children. We here investigated risk factors and comorbidities, including sensitization to specific allergens and BHR, for the AR phenotype by AR and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) classification in a general population-based birth cohort study.

Methods: We enrolled 606 children aged 7 years from the Panel Study of Korean Children.

Association between sensitization and allergic diseases in 7-years-old Korean children.

Background: Sensitization is associated with the exacerbation, severity, and prognosis of allergic diseases in children.

Objective: We characterized the association between sensitization patterns and allergic diseases.

Methods: A cohort of 548 children was enrolled from Panel Study of Korean Children (PSKC) study.

Understanding the importance of cerebrovascular involvement in Kawasaki disease.

Kawasaki disease (KD) is a systemic vasculitis in infants and young children. However, its natural history has not been fully elucidated because the first case was reported in the late 1960s and patients who have recovered are just now entering middle age. Nevertheless, much evidence has raised concerns regarding the subclinical vascular changes that occur in post-KD patients.

Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein (MCP)-1 in Rotavirus-Associated White Matter Injury in Newborns.

Recent reports have suggested an association between rotavirus infection and a distinctive pattern of white matter injury (WMI) in neonates with seizures; however, the connection between the two is not fully understood. To evaluate the underlying mechanism, we profiled and compared eight cytokines (IL [interleukin]-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IFN- [interferon- ], MCP-1 [monocyte chemoattractant protein-1], MIP-1 [macrophage inflammatory protein-1], and TNF- [tumor necrosis factor-]) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 33 neonates with seizures who had no other well-known causes of seizures and 13 control patients (rotavirus-induced gastroenteritis but without seizures). Among the 33 neonates with seizures, 9 showed WMI and all were infected with rotavirus (R + W + ).

Profiles and characteristics of bronchial responsiveness in general 7-year-old children.

Background: Although bronchial responsiveness (BR) is usually categorized as normal or hyperresponsive to aid the diagnosis of asthma, it exists on a continuous spectrum, not in a dichotomous manner. We aimed to evaluate the distribution profile of BR in a general population of 7-year-olds.

Methods: In 2015, 7-year-old Korean children from a nationwide birth cohort study visited regional study hospitals for skin prick test, standard spirometry, and bronchial provocation to establish reference values for the general population.

Prevalence, Risk Factors and Cutoff Values for Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness to Provocholine in 7-Year-Old Children.

Background: A US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug methacholine chloride (Provocholine®) was recently introduced to Korea where it is now widely used in clinical practice. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence, risk factors and cutoff value of bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) to Provocholine in 7-year-old children.

Methods: Six hundred and thirty-three children from the Panel Study on Korean Children who visited 16 regional hospitals were evaluated.

Neonatal seizures and white matter injury: Role of rotavirus infection and probiotics.

Background: Recent reports associate rotavirus infection with neonatal seizures of distinctive white matter injury (WMI) pattern, but evidence is lacking. We examined this association prospectively and analyzed factors related to occurrence of seizures and WMI pattern in neonates with rotavirus infection.

Methods: We prospectively included 228 neonates (≥34 gestational weeks) who were admitted to a regional neonatal intensive care unit between February 2015 and April 2016 and underwent rotavirus antigen testing using stool samples.

A Pilot Study Evaluating Cerebral Vasculitis in Kawasaki's Disease.

Cerebral vasculitis is thought to be a possible underlying mechanism of severe neurological complications of Kawasaki's disease (KD), such as cerebral infarct or aneurysm rupture. To evaluate the intracranial inflammatory response in patients with acute-stage KD, we measured the levels of cytokines (interleukin [IL]-6 and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α) and pentraxin-3 (PTX3) in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with KD ( = 7) and compared the levels to those of the age- and sex-matched febrile control patients (bacterial meningitis [ = 5], enteroviral meningitis [ = 10], nonspecific viral illness without central nervous system involvement [ = 10]). PTX3 and TNF-α were rarely detected and only in trace concentration in KD, and the levels of IL-6 were not different from those of nonspecific viral illnesses.