Rational design of arbitrary topology in three-dimensional space inverse calculation of phase modulation.

Recent advances in nanotechnology have led to the emergence of metamaterials with unprecedented properties through precisely controlled topologies. To explore metamaterials with nanoscale topologies, interest in three-dimensional nanofabrication methods has grown and led to rapid production of target nanostructures over large areas. Additionally, inverse design methods have revolutionized materials science, enabling the optimization of microstructures and topologies to achieve the desired properties without extensive experimental cycles.