Rare Genetic Forms of Obesity: Clinical Approach and Current Treatments in 2016.

Obesity results from a synergistic relationship between genes and the environment. The phenotypic expression of genetic factors involved in obesity is variable, allowing to distinguish several clinical pictures of obesity. Monogenic obesity is described as rare and severe early-onset obesity with abnormal feeding behavior and endocrine disorders.

Seven novel deleterious LEPR mutations found in early-onset obesity: a ΔExon6-8 shared by subjects from Reunion Island, France, suggests a founder effect.

Context: Infrequent mutations have been reported in the leptin receptor (LEPR) gene in humans with morbid obesity and endocrine disorders. However LEPR mutations are rarely examined in large populations from different ethnicities in a given country.

Objective: We estimated the prevalence of LEPR mutations in French patients with severe obesity and evaluated mutated patients' phenotype.

Metabolic and adipose tissue signatures in adults with Prader-Willi syndrome: a model of extreme adiposity.

Context: Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), the most frequent syndrome of obesity, is a model of early fat mass (FM) development, but scarce data exist on adipose tissue characteristics.

Objective: The objective of the study was to compare metabolic, fat distribution, and transcriptomic signatures of sc adipose tissue (scAT) in PWS adults, with matched obese adults with primary obesities.

Main Outcomes And Measures: Hormonal and metabolic assessments, systemic inflammation, and gene expression in scAT were compared between PWS patients and obese controls (OCs).

Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera) gut transcriptome analysis: expression of RNA interference-related genes.

In the search for new methods of pest control, the potential of RNA interference (RNAi) is being explored. Because the gut is the first barrier for the uptake of double-stranded (ds)RNA, pyrosequencing of the gut transcriptome is a powerful tool for obtaining the necessary sequences for specific dsRNA-mediated pest control. In the present study, a dataset representing the gut transcriptome of the Colorado potato beetle (CPB; Leptinotarsa decemlineata) was generated and analysed for the presence of RNAi-related genes.

Delivery of dsRNA for RNAi in insects: an overview and future directions.

RNA interference (RNAi) refers to the process of exogenous double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) silencing the complementary endogenous messenger RNA. RNAi has been widely used in entomological research for functional genomics in a variety of insects and its potential for RNAi-based pest control has been increasingly emphasized mainly because of its high specificity. This review focuses on the approaches of introducing dsRNA into insect cells or insect bodies to induce effective RNAi.

Bombyx mori DNA/RNA non-specific nuclease: expression of isoforms in insect culture cells, subcellular localization and functional assays.

A DNA/RNA non-specific alkaline nuclease (BmdsRNase) was isolated from the digestive juice of Bombyx mori. While originally reported to be produced by the midgut only, in this project it was found that the mRNA of this enzyme was also expressed in the epidermis, fat body, gut, thoracic muscles, Malpighian tubules, brain, and silk glands of 5th instar larvae, indicating additional functions to its reported role in nucleic acid digestion in the midgut. In order to study the functional properties of BmdsRNase, three pEA-BmdsRNase expression constructs were generated, characterized by presence or absence of a signal peptide and a propeptide, and used for expression in lepidopteran Hi5 tissue culture cells.

Search for limiting factors in the RNAi pathway in silkmoth tissues and the Bm5 cell line: the RNA-binding proteins R2D2 and Translin.

RNA interference (RNAi), an RNA-dependent gene silencing process that is initiated by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules, has been applied with variable success in lepidopteran insects, in contrast to the high efficiency achieved in the coleopteran Tribolium castaneum. To gain insight into the factors that determine the efficiency of RNAi, a survey was carried out to check the expression of factors that constitute the machinery of the small interfering RNA (siRNA) and microRNA (miRNA) pathways in different tissues and stages of the silkmoth, Bombyx mori. It was found that the dsRNA-binding protein R2D2, an essential component in the siRNA pathway in Drosophila, was expressed at minimal levels in silkmoth tissues.

Eosinophil counts in upper digestive mucosa of Western European children: variations with age, organs, symptoms, Helicobacter pylori status, and pathological findings.

Aim: The aim of the study was to measure the number of eosinophils per high-power field (eos/HPF) according to age, organs, and clinical symptoms and to compare the results to histological characteristics of the upper digestive tract mucosa in children.

Patients And Methods: A systematic prospective assessment of 284 esophagus, 342 antrum, 453 corpus, and 167 duodenum biopsies was carried out in 316 girls and 366 boys referred for endoscopy (median age 9 months), eos/HPF, and histological analysis.

Results: Counts (mean-max SD) were as follows: esophagus 1.

[Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine coverage in a hospital center of the Metropolis of Lille in 2008].

Objective: To describe the vaccine coverage of Prevenar(®), follow its evolution since its universal recommendation from 2006 and search the influence of certain socio-economic factors.

Method: A prospective descriptive study by a questionnaire enrolled the first 250 children born after 2001 and aged more than 2 months admitted at our hospital emergency room with their health record.

Results: 77.

Mechanisms of dsRNA uptake in insects and potential of RNAi for pest control: a review.

RNA interference already proved its usefulness in functional genomic research on insects, but it also has considerable potential for the control of pest insects. For this purpose, the insect should be able to autonomously take up the dsRNA, for example through feeding and digestion in its midgut. In this review we bring together current knowledge on the uptake mechanisms of dsRNA in insects and the potential of RNAi to affect pest insects.

Brenneria salicis, the bacterium causing watermark disease in willow, resides as an endophyte in wood.

Brenneria salicis has been studied in willow wood only in relation to watermark disease. In this pathogenic condition, the bacterium occurs at high concentrations. Pathogenicity of B.

Willow wood sap promotes the density-dependent pathogenesis of Brenneria salicis.

Brenneria salicis resides in symptomless willow (Salix spp.) and other tree species, but only willow trees develop watermark disease. To understand the conversion of B.

Identification of quorum sensing signal molecules and oligolignols associated with watermark disease in willow (Salix sp.).

The bacterium Brenneria salicis is the causal agent of watermark disease in willow. This work shows the importance of in situ studies and high-resolution separation of biological samples with ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography combined with ion trap mass spectrometry to unambiguously identify molecular compounds associated with this disease. Approximately 40 oligolignols accumulated in wood sap of watermark diseased willow, and are indicative for degradation of the xylem cell wall, of which 15 were structurally assigned based on an earlier study.

[Non-invasive ventilation in infants with severe infection presumably due to respiratory syncytial virus: feasibility and failure criteria].

Unlabelled: Beneficial effect of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) during non invasive ventilation (NIV) has been reported in infants with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, but no study has analyzed the predictors of its failure.

Objective: To evaluate the feasibility of NIV and to determine NIV failure criteria.

Population And Methods: All infants hospitalized in one PICU with presumed RSV infection between 2002 and 2006 were prospectively included.