Various Cranial and Orbital Imaging Findings in Pediatric Abusive and Non-abusive Head trauma, and Relation to Outcomes.

Background And Purpose: Differentiating Abusive Head Trauma (AHT) from Non-abusive Head trauma (NAHT) has profound clinical prognostic and legal implications, as certain imaging findings can individually be more suggestive of NAHT, while others are more suggestive of AHT. This study was set out to evaluate for an association between the various imaging findings in AHT with outcome.

Material And Methods: Over 7-years, 55 children (age 0-4 years') with head trauma and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were included as either: abusive (n = 16), non-abusive (n = 35), or indeterminate (n = 4).

All that bleeds is not black: susceptibility weighted imaging of intracranial hemorrhage and the effect of T1 signal.

Purpose: To determine if intracranial hemorrhages (ICH) are always hypointense on Susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) and to determine the effect of T1-signal intensity on the appearance of ICH in SWI series.

Methods: SWI and T1-signal intensities of ICH were retrospectively studied in a series of patients. SWI signal intensities were statistically correlated with T1-signal intensities.

Threshold for Enhancement in Treated Hepatocellular Carcinoma on MDCT: Effect on Necrosis Quantification.

Objective: The objective of our study was to determine whether the conventionally used enhancement threshold of 10 HU for assessing tumor viability in treated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) lesions is valid.

Materials And Methods: To distinguish pseudoenhancement from enhancement in a tumor, we used an in vivo model: The attenuation of 54 hepatic cysts during the unenhanced and portal venous phases of MDCT, similar to what may be observed in HCC with central necrosis, was used to determine the threshold for pseudoenhancement. To validate this model, we compared the attenuation value of liver parenchyma in this cohort with that of 22 HCCs during the late arterial phase of enhancement.

Optimization of reduced-dose MDCT of thoracic aorta using iterative reconstruction.

Objective: To evaluate the contribution of iterative reconstruction on image quality of reduced-dose multidetector computed tomography of the thoracic aorta.

Methods: A torso phantom was scanned using two tube potentials (80 and 120 kVp) and five different tube currents (110, 75, 40, 20, and 10 mAs). All images were reconstructed with both filtered back projection (FBP) and iterative reconstruction.

Pancreatic mucinous cystic neoplasm size using CT volumetry, spherical and ellipsoid formulas: validation study.

Context: The accuracy for determining pancreatic cyst volume with commonly used spherical and ellipsoid methods is unknown. The role of CT volumetry in volumetric assessment of pancreatic cysts needs to be explored.

Objectives: To compare volumes of the pancreatic cysts by CT volumetry, spherical and ellipsoid methods and determine their accuracy by correlating with actual volume as determined by EUS-guided aspiration.

Impact of beta-blockade premedication on image quality of ECG-gated thoracic aorta CT angiography.

Background: Thoracic aortic aneurysm is one of the most common aorta pathologies worldwide, which is commonly evaluated by computed tomography angiography (CTA). One of the routine methods to improve the image quality of CTA is heart rate reduction prior to study by beta-blockade administration.

Purpose: To assess the effect of beta-blockade on image quality of the ascending aorta in electrocardiography (ECG)-gated dual-source CTA (DSCTA) images.

MDCT of chest, abdomen, and pelvis using attenuation-based automated tube voltage selection in combination with iterative reconstruction: an intrapatient study of radiation dose and image quality.

Objective: The purpose of this study was intrapatient comparison of image quality and radiation dose between MDCT scans of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis obtained with attenuation-based automated kilovoltage selection and sinogram-affirmed iterative reconstruction and scans obtained with standard kilovoltage selection and a filtered backprojection image reconstruction algorithm.

Materials And Methods: One hundred one oncology patients who had undergone two chest, abdominal, and pelvis CT scans within 1 year were imaged with standard tube voltage selection of 120 kVp using a filtered backprojection reconstruction algorithm (protocol 1) and with attenuation-based automated tube voltage selection using an iterative reconstruction algorithm (protocol 2). Radiation dose parameters (volumetric CT dose index [CTDIvol], dose-length product, and effective dose) as well as image noise, signal-to-noise ratio, and contrast-to-noise ratio were compared.

Effect of radiation dose and iterative reconstruction on lung lesion conspicuity at MDCT: does one size fit all?

Objective: To evaluate the effect of different acquisition parameters and reconstruction algorithms in lung lesions conspicuity in chest MDCT.

Methods: An anthropomorphic chest phantom containing 6 models of lung disease (ground glass opacity, bronchial polyp, solid nodule, ground glass nodule, emphysema and tree-in-bud) was scanned using 80, 100 and 120 kVp, with fixed mAs ranging from 10 to 110. The scans were reconstructed using filtered back projection (FBP) and iterative reconstruction (IR) algorithms.

Doppler ultrasonography findings of splenic arterial steal syndrome after liver transplant.

Objectives: Splenic arterial steal syndrome is an important cause of morbidity and mortality after orthotopic liver transplant. Splenic arterial steal syndrome is characterized by arterial hypoperfusion of the graft; and if left untreated, causes ischemic biliary tract injury. Selective arterial embolization is important when treating splenic arterial steal syndrome.

Colorectal liver metastasis after 90Y radioembolization therapy: pilot study of change in MDCT attenuation as a surrogate marker for future FDG PET response.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether changes in attenuation and size of liver metastatic lesions of colorectal cancer at MDCT 1 month after (90)Y radioembolization treatment are predictive of response at FDG PET 3 months after treatment.

Materials And Methods: Twenty patients with colorectal liver metastasis consecutively treated with (90)Y radioembolization underwent triphasic MDCT of the liver at baseline and 1 and 3 months after treatment and FDG PET at baseline and 3 months after treatment. Percentage change in tumor attenuation at MDCT (volumetric attenuation), tumor size at MDCT (according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors [RECIST] and World health Organization [WHO] criteria), and volume-weighted maximum standardized uptake value at FDG PET were evaluated.

Hepatic tumors: region-of-interest versus volumetric analysis for quantification of attenuation at CT.

Purpose: To evaluate the reproducibility of liver tumor attenuation measurement performed by using the routinely used manual region-of-interest (ROI) method and that of measurement performed by using a semiautomated volumetric approach at computed tomography (CT).

Materials And Methods: This HIPAA-compliant retrospective study had institutional review board approval. The requirement for patient informed consent was waived.

Radiologic assessment of response to therapy: comparison of RECIST Versions 1.1 and 1.0.

Improvements in radiologic imaging technology and therapeutic options available for management of tumors have necessitated the revision of guidelines for the imaging-based assessment of tumor response to therapy. The purpose of this article is to familiarize radiologists with the modifications to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) that have been incorporated in the latest version of the guidelines, RECIST 1.1.

MDCT necrosis quantification in the assessment of hepatocellular carcinoma response to yttrium 90 radioembolization therapy: comparison of two-dimensional and volumetric techniques.

Rationale And Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the reproducibility and agreement of tumor necrosis quantification performed by two-dimensional and volumetric methods in a cohort of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treated with yttrium-90 ((90)Y) radioembolization.

Materials And Methods: Twenty-nine consecutive patients (21 men, 8 women; mean age 66.6 years; age range, 44-90 years) with HCC treated with (90)Y radioembolization that underwent liver multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) were included.

Evaluation of hepatocellular carcinoma size using two-dimensional and volumetric analysis: effect on liver transplantation eligibility.

Rationale And Objectives: Milan criteria recommends selection of candidates with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) for liver transplantation based on strict tumor size thresholds. The purpose of this study is to compare the effect of two-dimensional and three-dimensional tumor measurements on the selection of candidates for liver transplantation using Milan criteria.

Materials And Methods: This retrospective Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act-compliant study was approved by our institutional review board.

MDCT evaluation of the growth kinetics of serous and benign mucinous cystic neoplasms of the pancreas.

We assessed the growth kinetics of pathologically proven benign neoplastic cystic lesions of the pancreas. The volume and longest axial diameter (LAD) of 20 pathologically proven pancreatic cystic lesions (12 mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCN) and 8 serous cystadenomas (SCN)) on 2 multidetector computed tomography scans, obtained before resection, were measured. Reciprocal of doubling time, doubling time and growth rate based on volume and LAD were calculated.

The magnetic resonance spectroscopy findings of extrapontine myelinolysis in a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

The magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy findings of extrapontine myelinolysis have been rarely reported. Herein, we present MR spectroscopy findings as well as the conventional MR and diffusion MR findings of an acute lymphoblastic leukemia patient with extrapontine myelinolysis. Advanced MR imaging including diffusion-weighted imaging and MR spectroscopy may be helpful to exclude other pathologies in the differential diagnosis and make the diagnosis when there is a diagnostic difficulty on cases clinically suspicious for extrapontine myelinolysis.

CT attenuation of unilocular pancreatic cystic lesions to differentiate pseudocysts from mucin-containing cysts.

Context: There is extensive overlap among the imaging characteristics of pseudocyst, mucinous cystic neoplasm (MCN) and side branch intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) on CT images.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of attenuation measurement in differentiating pseudocysts from MCN and IPMN of pancreas on CT images.

Patients: Seventy-five pathologically proven unilocular pancreatic cysts including 31 pseudocysts, 29 MCN and 15 IPMN imaged with multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) before resection were evaluated.

Extraperitoneal pelvic myolipoma.

Myolipoma is a very rare adipocytic tumor occurring most frequently in adults, and usually is located in the retroperitoneum or abdomen. It has been described in the retroperitoneum, spinal cord, orbita, breast, round ligament, subcutaneous tissue, pericardium, rectus sheath of the abdominal wall, and abdominal cavity with attachment to the abdominal wall. Most of these tumors are discovered incidentally and are large when discovered.

MRI of central nervous system abnormalities in childhood leukemia.

Purpose: To document the imaging abnormalities seen in the central nervous system (CNS) in childhood leukemia or as complications of its treatment.

Materials And Methods: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of 15 children with neurologic complications of leukemia or its treatment were reviewed retrospectively. The first group consisted of patients with CNS abnormalities detected prior to or during treatment, or within three months after completion of treatment.

Various origins of the duplicated middle cerebral artery.

We describe the features of a duplicated middle cerebral artery identified by computed tomographic angiography that originates from a previously undefined origin, ie, from the petrous portion of the internal carotid artery. Recognition of this anomaly is important in patients with a possible aneurysm, which was not present in our patient.

Abnormal diffusion-weighted imaging findings in an adult patient with acute cerebellitis presenting with a normal magnetic resonance imaging.

Acute cerebellitis is an unusual central nervous system complication of infectious disease often due to viral etiology. Diagnosis is aided by neuroimaging studies, actually by magnetic resonance imaging in the first place, which shows increased signal intensity on T2-weighted images. However, conventional magnetic resonance imaging may be unrevealing in some of the cases, and additional workup such as single photon emission computed tomography and diffusion-weighted imaging may be required.

Two cases of inferior vena cava duplication with their CT findings and a review of the literature.

Duplication of the inferior vena cava (IVC) is the most common anomaly to affect the vena cava. Variations in the IVC are diagnosed in routine dissection studies, in retroperitoneal surgeries, or in computerised tomography (CT) sections ordered for various reasons. In this paper we present two cases of a double IVC together with the CT findings.

Magnetic resonance venography of double inferior vena cava.

Duplication of the inferior vena cava IVC is the most common anomaly affecting the vena cava. Variations of the IVC are diagnosed in routine dissection studies, in retroperitoneal surgeries, or in radiological studies for various reasons. In this paper, we present a case of double IVC with its magnetic resonance imaging findings.