Consequences of reduced effectiveness of salmon lice treatments for lice control.

The effective control of ectoparasitic salmon lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, in fish farms is challenged by the salmon lice having developed resistance towards several antiparasitic drugs and by the effectiveness of non-medicinal treatments being limited by considerations of fish welfare. When new antiparasitics are introduced to the market, these should be used sparingly to slow resistance development. Using a population model for salmon lice parameterised for salmonid fish farms in Norway, we quantified how reduced treatment effectiveness influences treatment frequency and lice abundance.

Association of Preoperative Pulse Pressure and Oxygen Delivery Index During Cardiopulmonary Bypass With Postoperative Acute Kidney Injury.

Objective: To investigate if oxygen delivery index during cardiopulmonary bypass (DOI) was more strongly associated with acute kidney injury (AKI), the higher the patient's preoperative pulse pressure (PP).

Design: Retrospective cohort of 1064 patients undergoing cardiac surgery.

Setting: Single academic healthcare center.

Realtime case study simulations of transmission of Pancreas Disease (PD) in Norwegian salmonid farming for disease control purposes.

Pancreas Disease (PD) is a viral disease caused by Salmonid Alphavirus (SAV). It affects farmed salmonids in the North Atlantic, and leads to reduced feed intake and increased mortality with reduced production and welfare as a consequence. In 2013, the estimated cost of an outbreak on an average salmon farm was about 6.

Evaluating effects of different control strategies for Infectious Salmon Anaemia (ISA) in marine salmonid farming by scenario simulation using a disease transmission model.

Infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) is an important viral disease causing economic losses and reduced welfare in farmed Atlantic salmon. Here, we present a spatio-temporal stochastic model for the spread of ISA between and within marine aquaculture farms. The model is estimated on historical production data for all marine salmonid farms in Norway from 2004 to February 2019.

Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback Improves Emotional and Physical Health and Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta Analysis.

We performed a systematic and meta analytic review of heart rate variability biofeedback (HRVB) for various symptoms and human functioning. We analyzed all problems addressed by HRVB and all outcome measures in all studies, whether or not relevant to the studied population, among randomly controlled studies. Targets included various biological and psychological problems and issues with athletic, cognitive, and artistic performance.

The epidemiological and economic effects from systematic depopulation of Norwegian marine salmon farms infected with pancreas disease virus.

Pancreas disease (PD) is a viral disease associated with significant economic losses in Scottish, Irish, and Norwegian marine salmon aquaculture. In this paper, we investigate how disease-triggered harvest strategies (systematic depopulation of infected marine salmon farms) towards PD can affect disease dynamics and salmon producer profits in an endemic area in the southwestern part of Norway. Four different types of disease-triggered harvest strategies were evaluated over a four-year period (2011-2014), each scenario with different disease-screening procedures, timing for initiating the harvest interventions on infected cohorts, and levels of farmer compliance to the strategy.

Space-time modelling of the spread of pancreas disease (PD) within and between Norwegian marine salmonid farms.

Infectious diseases are a constant threat to industrialised farming, which is characterised by high densities of farms and farm animals. Several mathematical and statistical models on spatio-temporal dynamics of infectious diseases in various farmed host populations have been developed during the last decades. Here we present a spatio-temporal stochastic model for the spread of a disease between and within aquaculture farms.

Forecasting acidification effects using a Bayesian calibration and uncertainty propagation approach.

We present a statistical framework for model calibration and uncertainty estimation for complex deterministic models. A Bayesian approach is used to combine data from observations, the deterministic model, and prior parameter distributions to obtain forecast distributions. A case study is presented in which the statistical framework is applied using the hydrogeochemical model (MAGIC) for an assessment of recovery from acidification of soils and surface waters at a long-term study site in Norway under different future acid deposition conditions.

Primary tumor cells resected from cancer patients and decorated with a novel form of CD80 protein serve as effective antigen-presenting cells for the induction of autologous T cell immune responses ex vivo.

Vaccination with autologous tumor cells genetically modified to express costimulatory molecules has shown utility for cancer immunotherapy in preclinical and limited clinical settings. Given the complicated nature of gene therapy, a practical alternative approach has been designed that relies on modification of the cell membrane with biotin and its "decoration" with a chimeric protein composed of the functional portion of human CD80 and core streptavidin (CD80-SA). We tested whether primary tumor cells resected from cancer patients can be decorated with CD80-SA and whether such cells serve as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to generate autologous T cell responses ex vivo.

Evaluation of the predictive power of progesterone receptor levels in primary breast cancer: a comparison with other criteria in 559 cases with a mean follow-up of 74.8 months. The Breast Cancer Prognostic Study Associates.

A total of 559 women with primary breast cancer treated by modified radical mastectomy were followed for a mean of 74.8 months to evaluate the relationship of sex hormone receptor content in the tumor with time to first recurrence and to death due to breast cancer. The prognostic significance of progesterone receptor (PgR) status was evaluated in terms of estrogen receptor (ER) status, age (less than or equal to 49 years, greater than or equal to 50 years), extent of lymph node involvement, tumor size, and morphologic characteristics.

Node-negative breast cancer treated by modified radical mastectomy without adjuvant therapies: variables associated with disease recurrence and survivorship.

The present study attempts to identify poor prognosis subgroups of women with node-negative breast cancer that might benefit from systemic adjuvant therapy. The cases were collected through a cooperative effort of 57 surgeons at eight hospitals in the Detroit area and coordinated by the Michigan Cancer Foundation where data collection and analyses were completed. The primary treatment of all patients was a modified radical mastectomy.

Interactions of putative estrogens with the intracellular receptor complex in mouse Leydig cells: relationship to preneoplastic hyperplasia.

The interaction of 14 steroidal and nonsteroidal estrogen agonists and antagonists with the intracellular estrogen receptor system was examined in cell suspensions prepared from the testes of mice that develop malignant Leydig cell tumors after prolonged estrogen administration. The ability of these substances to stimulate DNA synthesis in short-term (3-day) studies and to provoke Leydig cell hyperplasia with prolonged (3-mo) administration was also measured. Our data were consistent with the proposal that, in Leydig cells, the carcinogenic effects of estrogens are mediated through the intracellular receptor complex that results in a localization of hormone bound to chromatin and nuclear matrix.

Ectopic pituitary grafts in mice: hormone levels, effects on fertility, and the development of adenomyosis uteri, prolactinomas, and mammary carcinomas.

Some endocrinological consequences of grafting hypophyses of mice to sites distant from the hypothalamic-pituitary portal vessels were investigated. Serum PRL levels in recipients rose within 3 weeks to levels seen during pregnancy, resulting in a premature increase in serum progesterone (P) levels. After 7 weeks, luteolytic effects were evident in BALB/c females, and P values had plateaued in the range of those seen in normal adult animals, while in BALB/c X C3H F1 hybrids, this effect was delayed, and P values rose, reaching, in some animals, levels reported during pregnancy.

Evidence for a direct growth-stimulating effect of estradiol on human MCF-7 cells in vivo.

The MCF-7 continuous line of human breast cancer cells requires that athymic nude mice receive supplemental estrogen so that inocula can produce progressively growing tumors. Although these cells contain a typical estrogen receptor complex, the lack of consistent growth stimulation induced by estrogens added to in vitro culture systems has raised the question as to whether this class of hormones acts directly upon the cells or induces a second message produced in other tissues. The present experiments were designed to test the effect of estradiol on the growth of these cells in vivo by exposing them directly to the hormone prior to its absorption into the hepatic portal circulation and subsequent metabolic inactivation.

Dormancy versus extinction of mouse Leydig cell tumors following endocrine-induced regression.

Although a majority of malignant testicular Leydig cell tumors induced in the mouse by chronic estrogenization remain dependent upon estrogen stimulation for growth during early transplant generations, we have observed tumors of two lines, no longer growth dependent upon estrogen, that regressed when hosts bearing palpable tumor grafts were given the same dosage of diethylstilbestrol that had induced the original tumors. Both estrogen-"dependent" and -"responsive" tumors were found to possess a similar estrogen receptor system. The present study compares light and electron microscopic changes occurring during regression and determines the ultimate outcome of the process under these seemingly opposite endocrine conditions.

Effects of prenatal exposure of mice to "low-dose" diethylstilbestrol and the development of adenomyosis associated with evidence of hyperprolactinemia.

The developing genital tract of the fetal mouse was exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES) and the induction of noncyclic ovarian function in adult life was circumvented. Female mice of two inbred strains, BALB/c and C3H, were mated with BALB/c male mice and on the seventh day of pregnancy were fed a diet containing 0.2 micrograms of DES/gm continuously until the morning after delivery of the young.

Apparent lack of immunogenicity of estrogen-induced testicular Leydig cell tumors in BALB/c mice.

Evaluating four in vivo indicators of immune response, we attempted to demonstrate immunogenic properties in transplantable malignant Leydig cell tumors (LCT) induced in BALB/c mice by chronic estrogen administration. Growing LCT failed to elicit the production either of the lymphokine migration inhibition factor by host splenocytes or of circulating antibodies detectable by indirect immunofluorescence. Delayed type hypersensitivity was evaluated in animals "sensitized" by growing tumor explants.

Effects of cryptorchidy, parabiosis, and estrogen administration upon Leydig cell tumorigenesis in Fischer rats.

The effects on Leydig cell tumorigenesis of surgical cryptorchidy, parabiotic union with a castrate male partner, and a combination on the two procedures as well as of the continuous exposure to a high level of diethylstilbestrol stimulation were studied in the high-tumor Fischer rat. Localized foci of adenomatous hyperplasia were found to have developed in the scrotal testes of most animals by 13.5 months of age.

Demonstration of a direct carcinogenic effect of estradiol on Leydig cells of the mouse.

When testes of 1-day-old BALB/c mice were transplanted to the spleen of castrated isologous recipients and a pellet composed of 20% 17 beta-estradiol-80% cholesterol was placed next to these explants, typical Leydig cell tumors developed in 14 of 24 grafts that were in close apposition to the estrogen source. No tumors developed in such intrasplenic grafts in eight animals in which the pellet was at a distance from the graft. Also, neither tumors nor areas of Leydig cell hyperplasia developed in the 32 testicular grafts placed in the fourth mammary gland of the same animals.

Relation of membrane property of microsomes to androgen biosynthesis.

Spin-labelled fatty acids I(12,3) and I(1,14) were incorporated into microsomal membrane of cryptorchid mouse testis and Leydig cell tumor as well as liver. The freedom of motion of spin of I(12,3) was more restricted in testis microsome than in liver. At the lower temperatures, the freedom of motion of spin in the tumor microsomes was similar to that in the testis, but at higher temperature (20-50 degrees C) was much greater.