Cascades From Early Adolescent Impulsivity to Late Adolescent Antisocial Personality Disorder and Alcohol Use Disorder.

Purpose: The behavioral disinhibition model (BDM) posits that a liability toward impulsivity evident by early adolescence underlies the coemergence of antisocial behavior and alcohol use (i.e., problem behaviors) in early-adolescence to mid-adolescence, but that the subsequent development of these problem behaviors (rather than impulsivity itself) predicts the emergence of antisocial personality disorder (APD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) in late adolescence.

Telemedicine use in neonatal follow-up programs - What can we do and what we can't - Lessons learned from COVID-19.

Little empirical data support the use of telemedicine to provide medical and developmental follow-up care to preterm and high-risk infants after hospital discharge. Nevertheless, the COVID-19 pandemic temporarily rendered telemedicine the only means by which to provide essential follow-up care to this population. In this article we discuss our institution's experience with rapid implementation of telemedicine in a multi-site neonatal follow-up program as well as benefits and limitations of the use of telemedicine in this context.

Apneic nasal oxygenation and safe apnea time during pediatric intubations by learners.

Background: Apneic nasal oxygenation (ApOx) prolongs the time to desaturation during intubation of adult patients, but there is limited prospective evidence for apneic oxygenation in pediatric patients.

Aims: We hypothesized that ApOx during operating room intubation of pediatric patients by inexperienced learners would prolong the interval before desaturation.

Methods: This prospective observational study compared intubation data for 196 pediatric surgical patients intubated by learners under baseline practice (no nasal cannula), to 160 patients enrolled after adoption of routine apneic nasal cannula oxygenation at 5 L/min.

Improvised Hydration Bladder Air Splint: A Wilderness Case Report.

This case report describes the use of a hydration bladder as an improvised air splint for a left forearm fracture in an austere environment. The literature regarding the use of air splints in the prehospital and wilderness environments is scarce, and it does not appear that this technique has been previously described in the literature. Given the widespread use of hydration bladders, the adjustable nature and overall comfort of the splint, and the anecdotal success of this technique without any complications or harm to the patient, the authors believe this is an important improvised splinting option to add to the quiver of any outdoor enthusiast or wilderness medical professional.

Disentangling longitudinal relations between youth cannabis use, peer cannabis use, and conduct problems: developmental cascading links to cannabis use disorder.

Aims: To determine whether cannabis use during adolescence can increase risk not only for cannabis use disorder (CUD) but also for conduct problems, potentially mediated by exposure to peers who use cannabis.

Design, Setting, Participants: Longitudinal study analyzing four waves of longitudinal data from 364 racially and socio-economically diverse, urban, US community youth (at baseline: M  = 13.51 (0.

Modeling Trajectories of Sensation Seeking and Impulsivity Dimensions from Early to Late Adolescence: Universal Trends or Distinct Sub-groups?

Developmental imbalance models attribute the rise in risk-taking during adolescence to a universal imbalance between rising reward sensitivity and lagging cognitive control. This study tested predictions of an alternate Lifespan Wisdom Model that distinguishes between exploratory/adaptive (e.g.

Why do children with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia not attend neonatal follow-up care? Parental views of barriers.

Aim: To assess in children with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia at a corrected age of 18-36 months: (i) Neonatal follow-up clinic attendance rates; (ii) Parent-identified reasons for difficulty attending neonatal follow-up.

Methods: Mixed methods study utilising semi-structured phone interviews with parents of infants eligible for follow-up with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (defined as gestational age <32 weeks and requiring ≥30% FiO and/or >2 L nasal cannula at 36 weeks post-menstrual age) at 18-36 months corrected age. Questions addressed barriers to neonatal follow-up attendance.

Turning 1 Year of Age in a Low Socioeconomic Environment: A Portrait of Disadvantage.

Unlabelled: In the United States today, 16 million children are growing up poor. Few studies report multiple environmental factors associated with poverty during the first year of life and effects on infant development.

Objectives: To evaluate maternal, home, and neighborhood environment of low and higher socioeconomic status (SES) infants from birth to 1 year and to evaluate the impact of SES and environment on infant developmental outcome at 1 year.

Working memory ability and early drug use progression as predictors of adolescent substance use disorders.

Aims: To test a neurobehavioral model of adolescent substance use disorder (SUD) resulting from an imbalance between a hyperactive reward motivation system and a hypoactive executive control system. Specifically, we tested (1) if early weakness in working memory (WM) and associated imbalance indicators of acting-without-thinking (AWT) and delay discounting (DD) predict SUD in late adolescence and (2) if early drug use progression mediates this relation.

Design: Five waves of longitudinal data collected annually from 2005 to 2010, with a final follow-up in 2012.

Effect of socioeconomic status (SES) disparity on neural development in female African-American infants at age 1 month.

There is increasing interest in both the cumulative and long-term impact of early life adversity on brain structure and function, especially as the brain is both highly vulnerable and highly adaptive during childhood. Relationships between SES and neural development have been shown in children older than age 2 years. Less is known regarding the impact of SES on neural development in children before age 2.

Relation of Childhood Home Environment to Cortical Thickness in Late Adolescence: Specificity of Experience and Timing.

What are the long-term effects of childhood experience on brain development? Research with animals shows that the quality of environmental stimulation and parental nurturance both play important roles in shaping lifelong brain structure and function. Human research has so far been limited to the effects of abnormal experience and pathological development. Using a unique longitudinal dataset of in-home measures of childhood experience at ages 4 and 8 and MRI acquired in late adolescence, we were able to relate normal variation in childhood experience to later life cortical thickness.

Effect of socioeconomic status disparity on child language and neural outcome: how early is early?

It is not news that poverty adversely affects child outcome. The literature is replete with reports of deleterious effects on developmental outcome, cognitive function, and school performance in children and youth. Causative factors include poor nutrition, exposure to toxins, inadequate parenting, lack of cognitive stimulation, unstable social support, genetics, and toxic environments.

Socioeconomic (SES) differences in language are evident in female infants at 7months of age.

Background: Language skills, strongly linked to academic success, are known to differ by socioeconomic status (SES), with lower SES individuals performing less well than higher SES.

Aims: To examine the effect of SES on infant language at 7months of age and the relationship between maternal vocabulary skills and infant language function. To determine if the relationships between SES and infant language are mediated by maternal vocabulary skills.

Stronger Working Memory Reduces Sexual Risk Taking in Adolescents, Even After Controlling for Parental Influences.

This study examined the prospective influence of adolescent working memory (WM) on changes in impulsivity and sexual risk taking and assessed whether this relation could be explained by confounding effects of parental influences. Data from 360 community adolescents (M  = 13.5 ± 0.

Experimentation versus progression in adolescent drug use: A test of an emerging neurobehavioral imbalance model.

Based on an emerging neuroscience model of addiction, this study examines how an imbalance between two neurobehavioral systems (reward motivation and executive control) can distinguish between early adolescent progressive drug use and mere experimentation with drugs. Data from four annual assessments of a community cohort (N = 382) of 11- to 13-year-olds were analyzed to model heterogeneity in patterns of early drug use. Baseline assessments of working memory (an indicator of the functional integrity of the executive control system) and three dimensions of impulsivity (characterizing the balance between reward seeking and executive control systems) were used to predict heterogeneous latent classes of drug use trajectories from early to midadolescence.

Mapping the trajectory of socioeconomic disparity in working memory: parental and neighborhood factors.

Working memory (WM) is positively correlated with socioeconomic status (SES). It is not clear, however, if SES predicts the rate of WM development over time or whether SES effects are specific to family rather than neighborhood SES. A community sample of children (n = 316) enrolled between ages 10 and 13 completed four annual assessments of WM.

The effect of socioeconomic status on the language outcome of preterm infants at toddler age.

Background: Independently, both prematurity and low socioeconomic status (SES) compromise language outcome but less is known regarding the effects of low SES on outcome of prior preterm infants at toddler age.

Aim: To assess SES effects on the language outcome of prior preterm infants at toddler age.

Study Design: Retrospective chart review of infants born at ≤32 weeks, matched for gestational age (GA), birth weight (BW), chronic lung disease (CLD), periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), right and left intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH-R, L), and age at Bayley Scales of Infant Development III (BSID-III) testing.

Selective impact of early parental responsivity on adolescent stress reactivity.

Research in animals has shown that early life experience, particularly parenting behaviors, influences later-life stress reactivity. Despite the tremendous relevance of this finding to human development and brain function, it has not been tested prospectively in humans. In this study two aspects of parenting were measured at age 4 in a sample of healthy, low socioeconomic status, African American children, and stress reactivity was measured in the same children 11-14 years later using a modified version of the Trier Social Stress Test (n = 55).

Neighborhood disadvantage and adolescent stress reactivity.

Lower socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with higher levels of life stress, which in turn affect stress physiology. SES is related to basal cortisol and diurnal change, but it is not clear if SES is associated with cortisol reactivity to stress. To address this question, we examined the relationship between two indices of SES, parental education and concentrated neighborhood disadvantage, and the cortisol reactivity of African-American adolescents to a modified version of the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST).

Working memory ability predicts trajectories of early alcohol use in adolescents: the mediational role of impulsivity.

Aims: (i) To evaluate the role of pre-existing weakness in working memory ability (WM) as a risk factor for early alcohol use as mediated by different forms of impulsivity and (ii) to assess the adverse effects of progressive alcohol use on variations in WM over time.

Design, Setting And Participants: A community sample of 358 adolescents [48% males, mean(age) (baseline) = 11.4 ± 0.

Longitudinal reproducibility and accuracy of pseudo-continuous arterial spin-labeled perfusion MR imaging in typically developing children.

Purpose: To evaluate the longitudinal repeatability and accuracy of cerebral blood flow (CBF) measurements by using pseudo-continuous arterial spin-labeled (pCASL) perfusion magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in typically developing children.

Materials And Methods: Institutional review board approval with HIPAA compliance and informed consent were obtained. Twenty-two children aged 7-17 years underwent repeated pCASL examinations 2-4 weeks apart with a 3-T MR imager, along with in vivo blood T1 and arterial transit time measurements.

Early adolescent sexual debut: the mediating role of working memory ability, sensation seeking, and impulsivity.

Although deficits in working memory ability have been implicated in suboptimal decision making and risk taking among adolescents, its influence on early sexual initiation has so far not been examined. Analyzing 2 waves of panel data from a community sample of adolescents (N = 347; Mean age[baseline] = 13.4 years), assessed 1 year apart, the present study tested the hypothesis that weak working memory ability predicts early sexual initiation and explored whether this relationship is mediated by sensation seeking and 2 forms of impulsivity, namely acting-without-thinking and temporal discounting.