Austere Diagnosis and Reduction of Anterior Shoulder Dislocations: 10-Year Review of a Ski Patrol-Based Program with Emergency Medical Technicians.

Introduction: Glenohumeral dislocations present a challenging management dilemma in austere settings where patient transport time may be prolonged. Expeditious reduction is preferable, but treatment is commonly expected to take place within a hospital or comparable facility. Through a novel shoulder injury program, professional ski patrollers trained as emergency medical technicians (EMTs) have diagnosed and reduced anterior shoulder dislocations using biomechanical techniques without sedation or analgesia for over 20 y.

Hermeneutic phenomenological research on how nurse educators make meaning of compassion and understand its role in their professional practice.

Background: In the United Kingdom (UK), whilst nurse educators are responsible for developing compassion through providing high quality education, there is limited literature exploring how their lived experience of compassion is interpreted in nurse education.

Objectives: To explore how nurse educators make meaning of compassion through their lived experiences in the UK.

Design: Hermeneutic phenomenology.

Moving and handling care of bariatric patients: a survey of clinical nurse managers.

Background: The prevalence of obesity is rising, and obese persons are more likely to use healthcare services and require moving and handling care.

Aims: This study explored the frequency, logistics and barriers to the provision of bariatric patient-handling care including equipment availability in acute hospitals.

Methods: A cross-sectional study design using an anonymous 24-item questionnaire was used to survey 322 clinical nurse managers.

Organized crime in the fisheries sector threatens a sustainable ocean economy.

The threat of criminal activity in the fisheries sector has concerned the international community for a number of years. In more recent times, the presence of organized crime in fisheries has come to the fore. In 2008, the United Nations General Assembly asked all states to contribute to increasing our understanding the connection between illegal fishing and transnational organized crime at sea.

Safety and immunogenicity of a 30-valent M protein-based group a streptococcal vaccine in healthy adult volunteers: A randomized, controlled phase I study.

Background: Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus, Strep A) is a widespread pathogen that continues to pose a significant threat to human health. The development of a Strep A vaccine remains an unmet global health need. One of the major vaccine strategies is the use of M protein, which is a primary virulence determinant and protective antigen.

The prognostic utility of the transcription factor SRF in docetaxel-resistant prostate cancer: in-vitro discovery and in-vivo validation.

Background: Docetaxel based therapy is one of the first line chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer. However, one of the major obstacles in the treatment of these patients is docetaxel-resistance. Defining the mechanisms of resistance so as to inform subsequent treatment options and combinations represents a challenge for clinicians and scientists.

Activation of liver X receptor suppresses the production of the IL-12 family of cytokines by blocking nuclear translocation of NF-κBp50.

There is now convincing evidence that liver X receptor (LXR) is an important modulator of the inflammatory response; however, its mechanism of action remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the effect of LXR on the IL-12 family of cytokines and examined the mechanism by which LXR exerted this effect. We first demonstrated that activation of murine-derived dendritic cells (DC) with a specific agonist to LXR enhanced expression of LXR following activation with LPS, suggesting a role in inflammation.

Bcl-3 deficiency protects against dextran-sodium sulphate-induced colitis in the mouse.

Bcl-3 is a member of the IκB family of proteins and is an essential negative regulator of Toll-like receptor-induced responses. Recently, a single nucleotide polymorphism associated with reduced Bcl-3 gene expression has been identified as a potential risk factor for Crohn's disease. Here we report that in contrast to the predictions of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis, patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis demonstrate elevated Bcl-3 mRNA expression relative to healthy individuals.

Gene silencing of TNF-alpha in a murine model of acute colitis using a modified cyclodextrin delivery system.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic relapsing inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The cytokine TNF-alpha (TNF-α) plays a pivotal role in mediating this inflammatory response. RNA interference (RNAi) holds great promise for the specific and selective silencing of aberrantly expressed genes, such as TNF-α in IBD.

Natural killer cells protect mice from DSS-induced colitis by regulating neutrophil function via the NKG2A receptor.

Natural killer (NK) cells are traditionally considered in the context of tumor surveillance and infection defense but their role in chronic inflammatory disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease is less clear. Here, we investigated the role of NK cells in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. Depletion of NK cells impairs the survival of mice with colitis and is linked with dramatic increases in colonic damage, leukocyte infiltration, and pro-inflammatory profiles.

Natural killer cells protect against mucosal and systemic infection with the enteric pathogen Citrobacter rodentium.

Natural killer (NK) cells are traditionally considered in the context of tumor surveillance and viral defense, but their role in bacterial infections, particularly those caused by enteric pathogens, is less clear. C57BL/6 mice were orally gavaged with Citrobacter rodentium, a murine pathogen related to human diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. We used polyclonal anti-asialo GM1 antibody to actively deplete NK cells in vivo.

Mechanism of protection of transepithelial barrier function by Lactobacillus salivarius: strain dependence and attenuation by bacteriocin production.

Enhanced barrier function is one mechanism whereby commensals and probiotic bacteria limit translocation of foreign antigens or pathogens in the gut. However, barrier protection is not exhibited by all probiotic or commensals and the strain-specific molecules involved remain to be clarified. We evaluated the effects of 33 individual Lactobacillus salivarius strains on the hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-induced barrier impairment in human epithelial Caco-2 cells.

The sphingosine-1-phosphate analogue FTY720 impairs mucosal immunity and clearance of the enteric pathogen Citrobacter rodentium.

The sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) analogue FTY720 is therapeutically efficacious in multiple sclerosis and in the prevention of transplant rejection. It prevents the migration of lymphocytes to sites of pathology by trapping them within the peripheral lymph nodes, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), and Peyer's patches. However, evidence suggests that its clinical use may increase the risk of mucosal infections.

Genomic expression changes induced by topical N-acetyl glucosamine in skin equivalent cultures in vitro.

N-acetyl glucosamine (NAG) has been shown to be effective in reducing the appearance of hyperpigmented spots. From published in vitro mechanistic testing, glucosamine inhibits enzymatic glycosylation, a required processing step in converting inactive human pro-tyrosinase to the active tyrosinase, a key enzyme in the production of melanin. There is also published literature discussing the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of glucosamine compounds.

Lactobacillus and bifidobacterium in irritable bowel syndrome: symptom responses and relationship to cytokine profiles.

Background & Aims: The aim of this study was to compare the response of symptoms and cytokine ratios in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) with ingestion of probiotic preparations containing a lactobacillus or bifidobacterium strain.

Methods: Seventy-seven subjects with IBS were randomized to receive either Lactobacillus salivarius UCC4331 or Bifidobacterium infantis 35624, each in a dose of 1 x 10 10 live bacterial cells in a malted milk drink, or the malted milk drink alone as placebo for 8 weeks. The cardinal symptoms of IBS were recorded on a daily basis and assessed each week.

Continuous, low-level, topical heat wrap therapy as compared to acetaminophen for primary dysmenorrhea.

Objective: To determine if pain relief provided by a wearable heat wrap (continuous, low-level, topical heat therapy) is superior to oral acetaminophen for primary dysmenorrhea.

Study Design: A randomized, active-controlled, multisite, single-blind (investigator), parallel-design study compared an abdominal wrap to an oral medication (acetaminophen, 1000 mg) over I day. Pain relief (0-5) and abdominal muscle tightness/cramping (0-100) were recorded at 12 time points.

Profiles of learning disability subtypes in a retrospective sampling of adolescents' scores on the Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational Battery-Revised.

This study was an effort to subtype adolescents' learning disabilities using scores on the Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational Battery-Revised. A cluster analysis of 88 cases classified as learning disabled and 75 as nonlearning disabled was conducted to characterize subtypes. Two distinct subtypes emerged for the group while one for the nonlearning disabled group was identified.

The role of the contralateral limb in below-knee amputee gait.

Very little quantitative biomechanical research has been carried out evaluating issues relevant to prosthetic management. The literature available suggests that amputees may demonstrate an asymmetrical gait pattern. Furthermore, studies suggest that the forces occurring during amputee gait may be unequally distributed between the contralateral and prosthetic lower limbs.

Endoscopic treatment of urinary tract calculi.

Removal of urinary tract calculi by endourological techniques is now widely practised and has reduced the indications for open surgical removal to a minority of cases. A review of 270 consecutive patients who presented to the Meath Hospital Urology department with urinary tract calculi and were treated by percutaneous or transurethral endoscopy is herein reported. The rates of successful clearance of renal (95%) and ureteric (78%) calculi compare well with previous reports.

Percussion of the chest re-visited: a comparison of the diagnostic value of ausculatory and conventional chest percussion.

Percussion of the chest is thought to be insensitive in detecting small or deeply situated chest lesions. A newer technique, ausculatory percussion, has been reported as having a far higher sensitivity. In a controlled blind study the diagnostic value of conventional chest percussion compared with ausculatory percussion was defined using the chest x-ray as a gold standard.

The Whitaker test: experimental analysis in a canine model of partial ureteric obstruction.

The Whitaker test has been described as a means of reaching a diagnosis in equivocal upper urinary tract obstruction, but there has been conflicting evidence regarding the validity of this test. The present study assesses the reliability of the test in an experimental model which creates an accurate and predetermined degree of partial obstruction of the ureter. The Whitaker test was performed using the standard perfusion rate of 10 ml.