Co-infection: when whole can be greater than the sum: The complex reaction to co-infection of different pathogens can generate variable symptoms.

A better understanding of the complex interplay between pathogens and the host immune system during co‐infection of different pathogens could help to develop more efficient therapies. [Image: see text]

Risk factors for Cryptosporidium infection in low and middle income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Cryptosporidium infection causes gastrointestinal disease and has a worldwide distribution. The highest burden is in developing countries.

Objectives: We sought to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify Cryptosporidium risk factors in Low and Middle Income countries (LMICs).

The revival of the extended phenotype: After more than 30 years, Dawkins' Extended Phenotype hypothesis is enriching evolutionary biology and inspiring potential applications.

When Richard Dawkins proposed the Extended Phenotype hypothesis, it was an interesting addition to explain beaver dams or termite nests. With new technologies and a renewed interest, it is now inspiring research to understand co‐evolution in ecosystems and applications in agriculture and conservation. [Image: see text]

What is the impact of water sanitation and hygiene in healthcare facilities on care seeking behaviour and patient satisfaction? A systematic review of the evidence from low-income and middle-income countries.

Patient satisfaction with healthcare has clear implications on service use and health outcomes. Barriers to care seeking are complex and multiple and delays in seeking care are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. We sought to assess the relationship between water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) provision in healthcare facilities (HCF) and patient satisfaction/care seeking behaviour in low-income and middle-income countries.

A DEAL for open access: The negotiations between the German DEAL project and publishers have global implications for academic publishing beyond just Germany.

The German DEAL project negotiates full open access publishing with the major publishers for many academic institutions in Germany. If successful, it could have a global impact on funders’ publishing policies. [Image: see text]

Science, politics and ideologies: Global political developments towards isolationism, ideology or disregard of facts have scientists concerned about the free exchange of ideas and people.

In light of Brexit, US policies on research or the Turkish government's crackdown after the 2017 coup, scientists worry about larger political developments that could harm international science. [Image: see text]

No place to run: Plants have evolved a dazzling array of chemical defences and regulatory networks that matches the mammalian immune system for complexity.

Plants have evolved an astounding armory of chemical defenses and communication to fend of pests and predators. Understanding this complex network would benefit architecture and biotechnology. [Image: see text]

Bond Graph Model of Cerebral Circulation: Toward Clinically Feasible Systemic Blood Flow Simulations.

We propose a detailed CellML model of the human cerebral circulation that runs faster than real time on a desktop computer and is designed for use in clinical settings when the speed of response is important. A lumped parameter mathematical model, which is based on a one-dimensional formulation of the flow of an incompressible fluid in distensible vessels, is constructed using a bond graph formulation to ensure mass conservation and energy conservation. The model includes arterial vessels with geometric and anatomical data based on the ADAN circulation model.

Localised transmission hotspots of a typhoid fever outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

Introduction: In a semi-urban setting in the Democratic Republic of Congo, this study aims to understand the dynamic of a typhoid fever (TF) outbreak and to assess: a) the existence of hot spots for TF transmission and b) the difference between typhoid cases identified within those hot spots and the general population in relation to socio-demographic characteristics, sanitation practice, and sources of drinking water.

Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of TF outbreaks in 2011 in Kikwit, DRC using microbiological analysis of water sources and a structured interview questionnaire.

Results: There were a total of 1430 reported TF cases.

Impact of drinking water, sanitation and handwashing with soap on childhood diarrhoeal disease: updated meta-analysis and meta-regression.

Objectives: Safe drinking water, sanitation and hygiene are protective against diarrhoeal disease; a leading cause of child mortality. The main objective was an updated assessment of the impact of unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene (WaSH) on childhood diarrhoeal disease.

Methods: We undertook a systematic review of articles published between 1970 and February 2016.

Carrying water may be a major contributor to disability from musculoskeletal disorders in low income countries: a cross-sectional survey in South Africa, Ghana and Vietnam.

Background: The Sustainable Development Goals include commitments to end poverty, and promote education for all, gender equality, the availability of water and decent work for all. An important constraint is the fact that each day, many millions of women and children, and much less frequently men, carry their household's water home from off-plot sources. The burden of fetching water exacerbates gender inequality by keeping women out of education and paid employment.

Next-generation, personalised, model-based critical care medicine: a state-of-the art review of in silico virtual patient models, methods, and cohorts, and how to validation them.

Critical care, like many healthcare areas, is under a dual assault from significantly increasing demographic and economic pressures. Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are highly variable in response to treatment, and increasingly aging populations mean ICUs are under increasing demand and their cohorts are increasingly ill. Equally, patient expectations are growing, while the economic ability to deliver care to all is declining.

Uncharted waters: Next-generation sequencing and machine learning software allow forensic science to expand into phenotype prediction from DNA samples.

Forensic biology uses next generation sequencing and DNA methylation to predict phenotypes from crime scene samples. These techniques also allow forensic analysis of non‐human DNA and new applications for protecting endangered species. [Image: see text]

Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices Recommended Immunization Schedule for Adults Aged 19 Years or Older - United States, 2018.

In October 2017, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) voted to approve the Recommended Immunization Schedule for Adults Aged 19 Years or Older, United States, 2018. The 2018 adult immunization schedule summarizes ACIP recommendations in two figures and a table of contraindications and precautions for vaccines recommended for adults, and is intended is to assist health care providers in implementing the current ACIP recommendations for vaccinating adults. The schedule can be found at https://www.

Giardia secretome highlights secreted tenascins as a key component of pathogenesis.

Background: Giardia is a protozoan parasite of public health relevance that causes gastroenteritis in a wide range of hosts. Two genetically distinct lineages (assemblages A and B) are responsible for the human disease. Although it is clear that differences in virulence occur, the pathogenesis and virulence of Giardia remain poorly understood.

Antimicrobial-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Carriage and Infection in Specialized Geriatric Care Wards Linked to Acquisition in the Referring Hospital.

Background: Klebsiella pneumoniae is a leading cause of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing hospital-associated infections, for which elderly patients are at increased risk.

Methods: We conducted a 1-year prospective cohort study, in which a third of patients admitted to 2 geriatric wards in a specialized hospital were recruited and screened for carriage of K. pneumoniae by microbiological culture.

The genetics of domestication: Research into the domestication of livestock and companion animals sheds light both on their "evolution" and human history.

Genetic, archeological and historical studies of the evolution of livestock and companion animals yields new insights into the history of both animal domestication and the rise of human civilizations. [Image: see text]

Crashing Left vs. Right: Examining Navigation Asymmetries Using the SHRP2 Naturalistic Driving Study Data.

The magnitude of leftward bias demonstrated in pseudoneglect has been found to differ between younger and older adults in laboratory settings. The objective of this study was to examine the association between age and asymmetries in navigation in a naturalistic setting by examining the frequency of the location of impact on participants' vehicles during crashes and near crashes. The location of impact following crashes and near crashes, and participant's age and gender were retrieved from the SHRP2 NDS database, a large scale naturalistic driving study.

Comparative WGBS identifies genes that influence non-ripe phenotype in tomato epimutant Colourless non-ripening.

Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) allows single-base resolution and genome-wide profiling of DNA methylation in plants and animals. This technology provides a powerful tool to identify genes that are potentially controlled by dynamic changes of DNA methylation and demethylation. However, naturally occurring epimutants are rare and genes under epigenetic regulation as well as their biological relevances are often difficult to define.

Meeting the multiscale challenge: representing physiology processes over ApiNATOMY circuits using bond graphs.

We introduce, and provide examples of, the application of the bond graph formalism to explicitly represent biophysical processes between and within modular biological compartments in ApiNATOMY. In particular, we focus on modelling scenarios from acid-base physiology to link distinct process modalities as bond graphs over an ApiNATOMY circuit of multiscale compartments. The embedding of bond graphs onto ApiNATOMY compartments provides a semantically and mathematically explicit basis for the coherent representation, integration and visualisation of multiscale physiology processes together with the compartmental topology of those biological structures that convey these processes.

Perspectives on Sharing Models and Related Resources in Computational Biomechanics Research.

The role of computational modeling for biomechanics research and related clinical care will be increasingly prominent. The biomechanics community has been developing computational models routinely for exploration of the mechanics and mechanobiology of diverse biological structures. As a result, a large array of models, data, and discipline-specific simulation software has emerged to support endeavors in computational biomechanics.

Nucleic acid-based nanotechnology: The ability of DNA and RNA to fold into precise and complex shapes can be exploited for applications both in biology and electronics.

DNA's ability to form Holliday junctions and double cross‐overs can be used to build complex two‐ and three‐dimensional nano‐scale structures for biotechnological applications and high‐precisions electronics. [Image: see text]

Forced migrants involved in setting the agenda and designing research to reduce impacts of complex emergencies: combining with patient and public involvement.

Plain English Summary: The UK's National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Emergency Preparedness and Response was asked to undertake research on how to reduce the impact of complex national/international emergencies on public health. How to focus the research and decide on priority topics was challenging, given the nature of complex events. Using a type of structured brain-storming, the researchers identified the ongoing UK, European and international migration crisis as both complex and worthy of deeper research.