Peripheral cranio-spinal nerve communication for trapezius muscle control using axonal profiling through immunostaining.

Accessory nerve (CNXI) has been known to be the primary conduit for motor control of the trapezius, while the supplementary cervical nerves (C3 and C4) are responsible for processing sensory information from muscle. However, the lack of substantial direct evidence has led to these conclusions being regarded as mere speculation. This study used immunostaining (using antibodies against neurofilament 200 for all axons, choline acetyltransferase for cholinergic axons, tyrosine hydroxylase for sympathetic axons, and alpha 3 sodium potassium ATPase for proprioceptive afferent axons) of human samples to verify the functional contributions of nerves.

Reconsidering Neurogenetic Indication in the Human Brain: Broad Expression of Doublecortin Transcript in the Hippocampal and Cortical Cell Populations.

Introduction: Neurogenesis in the adult brain may play an important role in memory and cognition; however, knowledge of neurogenic markers in the human brain remains limited. We compared the single-nucleus transcriptome of the hippocampus with that of other cortical regions to identify hippocampus-specific neurogenic markers.

Methods: We analyzed 26,189 nuclei from four human brains collected within 16 h of death.

Axonal profiling of the common fibular nerve and its branches: Their functional composition and clinical implications.

The articular branch (Arb) from the common fibular nerve (CFN) plays a pivotal role in procedures such as genicular nerve blocks since it extensively innervates the anterolateral knee joint. It remains unclear whether the Arb can be classified as purely sensory, and understanding its axonal composition is critical to prevent muscle weakness during nerve blocks. We conducted a histological analysis on six cadaveric nerve specimens (four males and two females; mean age at death, 81.

Infraspinatus-teres minor (ITM) interfascial block: a novel approach for combined suprascapular and axillary nerve block.

Background: Combined suprascapular and axillary nerve block could be an analgesic option for shoulder pain control. The current description of this technique requires performing the block procedures at two different sites without consideration for catheter placement. We hypothesized that a single site injection to the interfascial plane between the infraspinatus and teres minor would result in an injectate spread to the suprascapular and axillary nerves.

Neuromuscular compartmentation of the subscapularis muscle and its clinical implication for botulinum neurotoxin injection.

In this study, using immunohistochemistry with fresh cadavers, deliberate histological profiling was performed to determine which fibers are predominant within each compartment. To verify the fascial compartmentation of the SSC and elucidate its histological components of type I and II fibers using macroscopic, histological observation and cadaveric simulation for providing an anatomical reference of efficient injection of the BoNT into the SSC. Seven fixed and three fresh cadavers (six males and four females; mean age, 82.

Anatomical study of the sacrotuberous ligament and the hamstring muscles: A histomorphological analysis.

The sacrotuberous ligament (STL) and the hamstrings are important structures that are mutually connected and influenced by the pelvis. However, the anatomical connectivity and histological characteristics of these structures remain unclear. The present study aimed to comprehensively investigate the relationship between the STL and the proximal hamstrings through histological analysis.

Intramuscular innervation of the tensor fasciae latae: Application to total hip arthroplasty.

The aims of this study were to clarify the extra- and intramuscular branching patterns of the tensor fasciae latae (TFL) with reference to surface landmarks on the thigh and to thus suggest a safe approach for total hip arthroplasty. Sixteen fixed and four fresh cadavers were dissected and subjected to the modified Sihler's staining method to reveal the extra- and intramuscular innervation patterns, and the findings were matched with surface landmarks. The landmarks were measured from the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) to the patella and divided into 20 parts along the total length.

An anatomical and radiological study of the tectorial membrane and its clinical implications.

The radiological image of an intact tectorial membrane (TM) became an important favorable prognostic factor for craniovertebral instability. This study visualized the fascial layers of the TM and adjacent connective tissues with clinical significance by micro-CT and histological analysis. The TM firmly attached to the bony surface of the clivus, traversed the atlantoaxial joint posteriorly, and was inserted to the body of the axis showing wide distribution on the craniovertebral junction.

Delineation and histological examination of the intramuscular innervation of the platysma: Application to botulinum neurotoxin injection.

This study aimed to identify the whole innervation pattern of the platysma using the Sihler's staining, and the axonal composition profile of the sensory-motor anastomosis identified by immunofluorescence assays. The findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the neural anatomy of the platysma and facilitate efficient and safe manipulation for neurotoxin injection. Ten fixed and two fresh hemifaces were included in this study.

Anatomical study of the adductor canal: three-dimensional micro-computed tomography, histological, and immunofluorescence findings relevant to neural blockade.

Background: A precise anatomical understanding of the adductor canal (AC) and its neural components is essential for discerning the action mechanism of the AC block. We therefore aimed to clarify the detailed anatomy of the AC using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), histological evaluation, and immunofluorescence (IF) assays.

Methods: Gross dissections of 39 thighs provided morphometric data relevant to injection landmarks.

Retrodural space of Okada in the posterior ligamentous complex region: clinical and anatomical findings relevant to lumbar interlaminar epidural injection.

Background: The retrodural space of Okada is a potential space posterior to the ligamentum flavum that allows communication with the bilateral facet joints. However, the actual anatomy of this space has not been clearly visualized to date. We sought to investigate the characteristics of patients showing contrast spreading to the facet joint space during epidural injection and to clarify the anatomical structures of the retrodural space and adjacent ligamentous tissues in cadaveric specimens.

The Surgical Anatomy of the Jowl and the Mandibular Ligament Reassessed.

Introduction: A visible jowl is a reason patients consider lower facial rejuvenation surgery. The anatomical changes that lead to formation of the jowl remain unclear. The aim of this study was to elucidate the anatomy of the jowl, the mandibular ligament and the labiomandibular crease, and their relationship with the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve.

The pathway of injectate spread during thoracic intertransverse process (ITP) block: Micro-computed tomography findings and anatomical evaluations.

Study Objective: To investigate the mechanism of action of the thoracic intertransverse process (ITP) block.

Design: Three-dimensional micro-computed tomography (3D micro-CT) study and cadaveric evaluation.

Setting: A translational research unit for anatomy and analgesia in a university hospital.

Micro-computed tomography with contrast enhancement: An excellent technique for soft tissue examination in humans.

Manual dissection and histologic examination are commonly used to investigate human structures, but there are limitations in the damage caused to delicate structures or the provision of limited information. Micro-computed tomography (microCT) enables a three-dimensional volume-rendered observation of the sample without destruction and deformation, but it can only visualize hard tissues in general. Therefore, contrast-enhancing agents are needed to help in visualizing soft tissue.

Anatomy of the thoracic paravertebral space: 3D micro-CT findings and their clinical implications for nerve blockade.

Background: A precise anatomical understanding of the thoracic paravertebral space (TPVS) is essential to understanding how an injection outside this space can result in paravertebral spread. Therefore, we aimed to clarify the three-dimensional (3D) structures of the TPVS and adjacent tissues using micro-CT, and investigate the potential routes for nerve blockade in this area.

Methods: Eleven embalmed cadavers were used in this study.

Heights and spatial relationships of the facial muscles acting on the nasolabial fold by dissection and three-dimensional microcomputed tomography.

The aim of this study was to clarify the heights and spatial relationships of the facial muscles acting on the nasolabial fold (NLF) by dissection and three-dimensional microcomputed tomography for use in aesthetic treatments. This study used 56 specimens from 34 embalmed adult Korean. A reference line (RF) was set to imitate the NLF after removing the skin, from the superior point of the alar facial crease to the lateral point of the orbicularis oris muscle at the level of the corner of the mouth.

Analysis of the positional relationship of the long thoracic nerve considering clinical treatment.

Introduction: The long thoracic nerve (LTN) has a risk of being damaged during chest surgery and should be considered when performing anesthesia such as a serratus anterior plane block (SAPB). We analyzed the relationship between landmarks-the fourth to ninth intercostal space (ICS) at the midaxillary line (MAL), through which the distal part of the LTN passes-and the LTN.

Materials And Methods: We used 25 specimens from 17 embalmed Korean cadavers.

Impact of simulation-based anesthesiology training using an anesthetized porcine model for ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block.

Objective: This study was performed to assess the impact of simulation-based training for ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block using anesthetized pigs.

Methods: In this prospective study, 23 participating residents (10 in their second year, 13 in their third year) underwent simulation-based training for ultrasound-guided TAP block. The residents completed standard questionnaires comprising 10 multiple-choice questions regarding essential general knowledge of abdominal ultrasound and TAP block before and after the training session.

Longitudinal muscular column in the prostatic urethral wall: Its form, shape, and possible function based on mathematical simulation in ejaculation.

Background: The shape and function of the longitudinal muscular column (LMC) of the prostate have not been established in detail. The present study was undertaken to elucidate the roles of the LMC of the posterior wall of the prostatic urethra (PSU) in the emission phase of ejaculation by investigating the form and muscular arrangement of the LMC.

Methods: Prostates and urinary bladders were obtained from 14 Korean adult cadavers.

Intramuscular innervation patterns of the splenius capitis and splenius cervicis and their clinical implications for botulinum toxin injections.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to clearly characterize the intramuscular nerve distributions of the splenius capitis and splenius cervicis muscles that are both responsible for the onset of a chronic tension type headache and to use this information to identify the effective botulinum toxin (BoNT) injection sites.

Materials And Methods: Ten splenius capitis and splenius cervicis specimens were subjected to Sihler's staining to reveal intramuscular nerve arborization patterns and determined the optimal location for BoNT injection.

Results: Nerve distribution patterns in the splenius capitis were identified as nerve pathways that travel down toward the origin point and others that travel up toward the insertion point.