Neuropsychological and neuropsychiatric prediction of global cognitive status among older Spanish-speaking Hispanics and English-speaking whites.

Background: Neuropsychological and depression measures have been found to predict cognitive functioning. We compared these associations among whites and Spanish-speaking Hispanics.

Methods: Fifty-two pairs of whites and Hispanics were matched demographically and clinically in a cross-sectional study.

Long-term stability of parental representations in depressed outpatients utilizing the Parental Bonding Instrument.

This study addressed two questions: (a) What are the 30-month, 60-month, and 90-month test-retest reliabilities of the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI); and (b) are recollections of parental bonding stable across changes in the level of depressed mood? Participants included 97 outpatients with primary early-onset dysthymic disorder and 45 outpatients with episodic major depressive disorder. Follow-ups were conducted at 30, 60, and 90 months after entry into the study. The PBI was scored using both the original two-factor model and a three-factor solution.

Psychopathology in the adolescent and young adult offspring of parents with dysthymic disorder and major depressive disorder.

This study addressed the following question: are the adolescent and young adult offspring of parents with early-onset dysthymic disorder (DD) at increased risk for psychopathology? Participants included 41 offspring of 21 outpatients with early-onset DD, 19 offspring of nine outpatients with episodic major depressive disorder (MDD), and 32 offspring of 11 normal controls (NCs). Lifetime best-estimate diagnoses were determined for each offspring using a team consensus method. Diagnoses were derived blind to all information about the index parents.

Evidence of increased sensitivity using a three-factor version of the Parental Bonding Instrument.

Despite the wide use of the Parental Bonding Instrument, there is a controversy as to whether it should be viewed as measuring two or three factors. Recent studies using confirmatory factor analysis indicated that a three-factor model (warmth, protectiveness, and authoritarianism), proposed by Kendler (1996), provided the best fit to the data. The present study was designed to address the following question: Does the three-factor model provide a greater understanding of the relationships between the parental bonding factors and different types of depression when compared to the two-factor structure? Participants included 97 outpatients with early-onset dysthymic disorder (DD), 45 outpatients with episodic major depressive disorder (MDD), and 45 healthy control subjects.