Clinical efficacy of efgartigimod combined with intravenous methylprednisolone in the acute phase of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders.

Background: Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (NMOSD) comprise a group of autoimmune-mediated, inflammatory, demyelinating central nervous system diseases caused by aquaporin-4 (AQP4) IgG autoantibodies. Efgartigimod is a human IgG Fc fragment that reduces antibody titers by targeting the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn). This study documents the efficacy of efgartigimod combined with intravenous methylprednisolone (IVMP) in the acute phase of NMOSD.

Efgartigimod treatment in patients with anti-MuSK-positive myasthenia gravis in exacerbation.

Background: The prevalence of patients positive for muscle-specific kinase antibody (hereafter, MuSK-Ab) accounts for 5-8% of all myasthenia gravis (MG) cases. Currently, efgartigimod has shown good therapeutic effects in MUSK-Ab-positive MG patients in a phase III clinical trial. However, phase III clinical trials tend to exclude MG patients in exacerbation, and there are only few real-world studies on the efficacy of efgartigimod in MuSK-Ab-positive myasthenic crisis (MC) patients.

Short delay to initiate plasma exchange or immunoadsorption as synergistic therapies for patients in the acute phase of anti-NMDAR encephalitis.

Background: Combined first-line therapies have been frequently adopted for patients with anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis. Plasma exchange (PE) or immunoadsorption (IA) was used as an add-on option following initial immunotherapies, including high-dose steroids and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). However, whether a shorter delay of PE or IA can improve the early recovery prognosis of patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis remains largely unknown.

[Therapeutic effects of high monounsaturated fatty acid and low carbohydrate formula on blood glucose levels and diarrhea in critically ill neurological patients].

Objective: To investigate the effects of using a high monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and low carbohydrate formula on blood glucose levels and diarrhea treatment effects in critically ill neurological patients.

Methods: A self-controlled before-and-after study design was employed, with 13 patients admitted to the neurology intensive care unit (ICU) of the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from November to December 2023, who were treated with a high MUFA and low carbohydrate formula [Glucerna enteral nutrition (EN) preparation]. Changes in blood glucose parameters within 7 days before and after the use of Glucerna EN preparation were analyzed, including standard deviation (SD) of blood glucose, mean blood glucose (MG), median blood glucose, mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE), largest amplitude of glycemic excursions (LAGE), coefficient of variation (CV) of blood glucose, the incidence of hyperglycemia (> 7.

Ofatumumab treatment for severe refractory anti-NMDAR encephalitis: A case series.

Rituximab is recommended as the preferred second-line immunotherapy for autoimmune encephalitis (AE). However, Ofatumumab (OFA), a novel fully human anti-CD20 antibody, has been reported infrequently in patients with AE. Among the various forms of AE, anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis is the most common and severe.

Clinical characteristics and therapeutic effect of myasthenia gravis coexisting with thyroid eye disease.

Introduction: Here, we describe the clinical characteristics and therapeutic effects of myasthenia gravis (MG) coexisting with thyroid eye disease (TED).

Methods: We collated clinical data from MG patients in our hospital between 2012 and 2022 and analyzed the clinical characteristics of MG patients with hyperthyroidism, MG patients with TED and ocular myasthenia gravis (OMG) patients with TED.

Results: We recruited 62 MG patients with hyperthyroidism, including 13 MG patients with TED and 10 OMG patients with TED.

Risk factors and a predictive model for the occurrence of adverse outcomes in patients with new-onset refractory status epilepsy.

Objectives: To determine risk factors for the occurrence of adverse outcomes in patients with new-onset refractory status epilepsy (NORSE) and to construct a concomitant nomogram.

Methods: Seventy-six adult patients with NORSE who were admitted to the Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University between January 2016 and December 2022 were enrolled for the study. Participants were divided into two-those with good and poor functional outcomes-and their pertinent data was obtained from the hospital medical recording system.

Therapeutic Plasma Exchange in AChR-Ab Positive Generalized Myasthenia Gravis: A Real World Study About Its Early Response.

Background: Since there is no clear priority or selection principle in the guidelines for myasthenia crisis, therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) and intravenous immunoglobulin are often administered randomly. However, it should be more prudent in taking TPE due to its higher cost and risk. Studying its early response factors is crucial for managing myasthenia crisis and can improve medical and economic benefits.

Organ donation after brain death from autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein astrocytopathy: A case report.

Background: No reports of organ donation have been documented in patients suffering from severe autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) astrocytopathy.

Case Presentation: A 27-year-old male patient developed a fever and headache, followed a week later by weakness and unsteadiness in his limbs. He attended his local hospital, but no cause was found.

Thymoma-associated autoimmune encephalitis with myasthenia gravis: Case series and literature review.

Objectives: This comprehensive review aimed to compile cases of patients with thymoma diagnosed with both autoimmune encephalitis (AE) and myasthenia gravis (MG), and describe their clinical characteristics.

Methods: Clinical records of 3 AE patients in the first affiliated hospital of Sun Yat-sen University were reviewed. All of them were diagnosed with AE between 1 November 2021 and 1 March 2022, and clinical evidence about thymoma and MG was found.

Study of serum exosome miRNA as a biomarker for early onset adult ouclar myastthenia gravis.

Background: By extracting and sequencing miRNAs from serum exosomes of patients with early-onset ocular myasthenia gravis (OMG), generalized myasthenia gravis (GMG) and healthy controls, we screened differentially expressed miRNAs and explored the possibility as potential biomarkers for early-onset OMG.

Methods: Peripheral blood samples were collected from patients with early-onset OMG, early-onset GMG, and age-matched healthy subjects, with 6 samples in each group. All these patients were diagnosed as MG for the first time and did not undergo any treatment.

Environmental factors affecting the risk of generalization for ocular-onset myasthenia gravis: a nationwide cohort study.

Background: The environmental effects on the prognosis of ocular myasthenia gravis (OMG) remain largely unexplored.

Aim: To investigate the association between specific environmental factors and the generalization of OMG.

Design: The cohort study was conducted in China based on a nationwide multicenter database.

Clinical use of dimethyl fumarate in multiple sclerosis treatment: an update to include China, using a modified Delphi method.

Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is a widely used oral disease-modifying therapy for multiple sclerosis (MS). Its efficacy and safety profiles are supported by over a decade of experience. Differences exist between Asia and Europe/United States in the prevalence and characteristics of MS; most data for DMF are derived from populations outside Asia.

Transfer of patient's peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) disrupts blood-brain barrier and induces anti-NMDAR encephalitis: a study of novel humanized PBMC mouse model.

Background: Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is a severe autoimmune neuropsychiatric disease. Brain access of anti-NMDAR autoantibody through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is essential for pathogenesis. Most previous animal models limit the investigation of etiologies of BBB damage in patients.

Early autoimmunity and outcome in virus encephalitis: a retrospective study based on tissue-based assay.

Unlabelled: To explore the autoimmune response and outcome in the central nervous system (CNS) at the onset of viral infection and correlation between autoantibodies and viruses.

Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted in 121 patients (2016-2021) with a CNS viral infection confirmed via cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) next-generation sequencing (cohort A). Their clinical information was analysed and CSF samples were screened for autoantibodies against monkey cerebellum by tissue-based assay.

Corrigendum: Leflunomide combined with low-dose prednisone inhibits proinflammatory T cells responses in myasthenia gravis patients.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.

mNGS facilitates the accurate diagnosis and antibiotic treatment of suspicious critical CNS infection in real practice: A retrospective study.

Whether metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) could benefit patients with suspected severe central nervous system (CNS) infection in terms of diagnosis and antibiotic treatment remains unknown. We retrospectively analyzed 79 patients with suspected CNS infection and undertook mNGS. The value of mNGS was investigated in terms of identification of pathogen and guidance for the adjustment of antibiotic treatment.

The Protective Role of Polysaccharide-Based Microcapsules on Intestinal Barrier Integrity in DSS-Induced Colitis in Mice.

, a type of edible fungus, is beneficial for intestinal health. However, the mechanisms by which polysaccharides derived from . contribute to the integrity of the intestinal barrier have been little investigated.

Nomogram for the acute exacerbation of acetylcholine receptor antibody-positive generalized myasthenia gravis.

Background And Objective: An acute exacerbation of myasthenia gravis (MG) can lead to the life-threatening myasthenia crisis which can increase the in-hospital mortality. This study aimed to clarify the correlative factor of the severity and activity of MG and the predictors of its exacerbation.

Methods: A prospective study was conducted to compare the clinical characteristics of acetylcholine receptor antibody (AChR-Ab)-positive generalized MG during acute exacerbation (AE) and in a stable state (SS).

Leflunomide combined with low-dose prednisone inhibits proinflammatory T cells responses in myasthenia gravis patients.

We previously found that leflunomide combined with low-dose prednisone rapidly improved the clinical symptoms of myasthenia gravis (MG), but we had not investigated the mechanism of this phenomenon. This study documents the effect of leflunomide combined with low-dose prednisone on pro-inflammatory T cells in MG patients. We compared 32 treated MG patients with 18 controls.

Prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Guangzhou, China: A population-based case-finding prospective study.

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is rare in China, and the prevalence previously reported may be biased. Currently, few studies that have investigated the prevalence of MS in China based on the latest diagnostic criteria.

Methods: Through a population-based survey from August 8, 2021 to December 31, 2021, we calculated the prevalence of multiple sclerosis in 18,676,605 residents of Guangzhou, China.

First two mitochondrial genomes for the order Filobasidiales reveal novel gene rearrangements and intron dynamics of Tremellomycetes.

In the present study, two mitogenomes from the Filobasidium genus were assembled and compared with other Tremellomycetes mitogenomes. The mitogenomes of F. wieringae and F.