Long-term intermittent hypoxia induces anxiety-like behavior and affects expression of orexin and its receptors differently in the mouse brain.

Studies have revealed a possible connection between orexin, narcolepsy, and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Orexin has an important role in the maintenance of arousal and wakefulness/sleeping states. To better understand the pathophysiological mechanism of OSA, we used a chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) model in mice to mimic OSA.

Fatty acids-modified liposomes for encapsulation of bioactive peptides: Fabrication, characterization, storage stability and in vitro release.

The fragile membranes of liposomes limit their application by the food industry. In this study, we hypothesized that interactions between fatty acids with different chain lengths and phospholipids might enhance liposome stability. Decanoic acid modified liposomes (Lipo-DA) and stearic acid modified liposomes (Lipo-SA) were fabricated for encapsulation of hydrophilic peptides.

Analysis of Structural Parameters of Steel-NC-UHPC Composite Beams.

The cracking of the negative moment area of steel-normal concrete (NC) composite bridges is common owning to the low tensile strength of concrete. In order to solve the problem, Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC) is used to enhance the tensile performance of the negative moment area. This paper conducted interface experiments to study the bonding behaviour of the UHPC-NC interface.

Singlet Oxygen Generation from a Water-Soluble Hypervalent Iodine(V) Reagent AIBX and HO: An Access to Artemisinin.

Herein, we report an efficient method for the chemical generation of O by treatment of HO with AIBX, a highly water-soluble, bench-stable, recyclable hypervalent iodine(V) reagent developed by our group. The generation of O was confirmed by the following results: (1) capture of O with the sodium salt of anthracene-9,10-bis(ethanesulfonate) produced the corresponding endoperoxide and (2) TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy) produced by the oxidation of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine with O generated using the AIBX/HO system was detected by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. To illustrate the potential utility of this method for organic synthesis, we used the AIBX/HO system to perform typical reactions of O: [2 + 2]/[4 + 2] cycloadditions, Schenck ene reactions, and heteroatom oxidation reactions, which afforded the corresponding products in high yields.

Redetermination of the Structure of a Water-Soluble Hypervalent Iodine(V) Reagent AIBX and Its Synthetic Utility in the Oxidation of Alcohols and Synthesis of Isoxazoline -Oxides.

The structure of a water-soluble hypervalent iodine(V) reagent AIBX is re-examined through its single-crystal X-ray analysis and theoretical calculations including Mayer bond order and localized orbital locator (LOL) and AIBX is believed to be a iodylarene because of the strong electron-withdrawing nature of the trimethylammonium cation on its phenyl ring, which would decrease the electron density of carboxylic anion and make the -carboxyl oxygen anion incapable to form hypervalent bond with iodine atom. However, the cyclic benziodoxole structure of AIBX could be obtained by adding a Brønsted acid, which was supported by the calculation result including the increase of Mayer bond order and the shortening of the I-O bond length. Moreover, the fact that the system of AIBX and TFA could oxidize various alcohols to their corresponding carbonyl compounds would indicate that AIBX constitutes a cyclic benziodoxole structure under acidic conditions.

Microwave treatment regulates the free volume of rice starch.

The aim of this work was to investigate the role of microwave parameters and moisture content on the free volume (FV) changes of rice starch by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy analysis (PALS) and to explore the potential relationship between the changes of FV and physicochemical properties of rice starch. Microwave heating and water molecules lead to the increasing of FV of starch. However, this result is largely influenced by the plasticization of water molecule.

Effect of low-level laser therapy on tooth-related pain and somatosensory function evoked by orthodontic treatment.

Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) may have an effect on the pain associated with orthodontic treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of LLLT on pain and somatosensory sensitization induced by orthodontic treatment. Forty individuals (12-33 years old; mean ± standard deviations: 20.

Transient Pain Following Orthodontic Fixed Appliances Induces Sensitization of Gingival and Periodontal Tissues.

Aims: To evaluate the transient effects of orthodontic treatment on the mechanical detection threshold (MDT) and mechanical pain threshold (MPT) of the buccal attached gingiva and the pressure pain threshold (PPT) of the buccal attached gingiva and of the teeth in two directions (perpendicular and parallel).

Methods: A total of 20 patients (15 females and 5 males) aged 18 to 30 years participated in the study. Perceived pain on a 0- to 10-cm visual analog scale (VAS) and MDT, MPT, and PPT scores were evaluated at two time points at the masseter muscle, gingiva, teeth, and hand (control) prior to orthodontic treatment (T₀) and 24 hours after the first archwire placement (T₁).

Fixed orthodontic appliances cause pain and disturbance in somatosensory function.

This study aimed to assess the short-term effects of orthodontic pain on quantitative sensory testing (QST) in subjects receiving fixed orthodontic treatment. Twenty patients and 12 healthy volunteers (as controls) participated. All 20 patients had bonded AO self-ligating brackets, with a 0.

Organic/inorganic hybrid mesoporous silica membrane rapidly synthesized by a microwave-assisted method and its application in enzyme adsorption and electrocatalysis.

An organic/inorganic hybrid mesoporous silica membrane (HMSM) composed of mesoporous silica rods in the channels of a polycarbonate (PC) membrane was rapidly synthesized by employing the microwave-assisted method combined with solvent extraction. As-synthesized HMSMs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), N adsorption-desorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetry (TG). The results indicated that silica rods with 200 nm diameter and 9 μm length grew in the confined spaces of the PC membrane.