With unrelenting SARS-CoV-2 variants, additional COVID-19 mitigation strategies are needed. Oral and nasal saline irrigation (SI) is a traditional approach for respiratory infections/diseases. As a multidisciplinary network with expertise/experience with saline, we conducted a narrative review to examine mechanisms of action and clinical outcomes associated with nasal SI, gargling, spray, or nebulization in COVID-19.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFWe have read the comment from Davison with great interest [...
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: nasal or oral sprays are often marketed as medical devices (MDs) in the European Union to prevent common cold (CC), with ColdZyme/Viruprotect (trypsin/glycerol) mouth spray claiming to prevent colds and the COVID-19 virus from infecting host cells and to shorten/reduce CC symptoms as an example. We analyzed the published (pre)-clinical evidence.
Methods: preclinical: comparison of in vitro tests with validated host cell models to determine viral infectivity.
Eur J Clin Pharmacol
September 2021
Purpose: Nasal irrigation or nebulizing aerosol of isotonic or hypertonic saline is a traditional method for respiratory or nasal care. A recent small study in outpatients with COVID-19 without acute respiratory distress syndrome suggests substantial symptom resolution. We therefore analyzed pharmacological/pharmacodynamic effects of isotonic or hypertonic saline, relevant to SARS-CoV-2 infection and respiratory care.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIntroduction: Medical devices (MedDevs) and medicines are assessed (and monitored) differently before and after launch. There are products for repeated oral ingestion that are marketed in the European Union as MedDevs.
Objectives And Methods: To illustrate the consequences of these differences in assessment, we compared the leaflet information of three MedDevs with the standards for medicines and with published evidence at launch.
Background: There are conflicting data on the influence of meal intake on the QT interval.
Methods: Ten healthy subjects were studied before and after a standardized breakfast and lunch with a sequence of supine resting, standing and exercise. Data collection was performed using a 12-lead Holter with semi-automated analysis.
Further to a thorough analysis of the problem of acute diarrhoea and the therapeutic options, recommendations were defined following a multidisciplinary approach. These guidelines take into account the reality of frequent self-medication. They further differ as a function of age (children, primarily treated by ORS and for whom self-medication is not advised versus adults who can self-medicate), symptoms (uncomplicated diarrhoea versus dysentery) and location where the diarrhoea is contracted (at home or when travelling).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFRegulation of gallbladder motility is complex. Mechanisms via which cisapride may interact with gallbladder function are being reviewed. These are multiple and include direct effects on gallbladder and the sphincter of oddi, as well as indirect effects involving gastro-intestinal hormone levels, gastric emptying, gallbladder refilling, interdigestive migrating motor cycle (IMMC) and small intestinal transit.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: Previous evaluation of the cost effectiveness of antireflux medication used in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) have been based on results obtained in controlled clinical trials. Unfortunately such an approach does not necessarily identify the therapeutic option which provides the greatest benefit from available resources in real life situations. To make an informed choice requires a recognition that the costs and benefits of therapy in practice may differ from those identified in trials.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe influence of the chemical structure of the amino acid (or amino acid analogue) moiety of a number of synthetic cholyl amidates on deconjugation by cholylglycine hydrolase from Clostridium perfringens was studied in vitro at pH 5.4. Conjugates with alkyl homologues of glycine were hydrolyzed more slowly as the number of methylene units increased (cholylglycine greater than cholyl-beta-alanine greater than cholyl-gamma-aminobutyrate).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFTo find a possible explanation for the selective hepatic conjugation of bile acids with glycine or taurine, the N-acyl amidates of cholic acid and a number of amino acids and amino acid analogues were synthesized, and their susceptibility to hydrolysis by pancreatic juice, gastric juice, serum, or small intestinal mucosal enzymes was measured. Deconjugation by pure carboxypeptidase A and B was also examined, and hydrolysis by these tissue fluids and enzymes was compared with that mediated by a bacterial cholylglycine hydrolase. Human pancreatic juice efficiently hydrolyzed cholyl conjugates of all neutral-L-amino acids (cholyl-L-alanine, cholyl-L-valine, cholyl-L-leucine, and cholyl-L-tyrosine), except cholylglycine.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe fecal excretion of intraperitoneally injected 24-14C-labeled taurocholate (TCA), taurolithocholate (TLCA) and the respective 3-sulfate esters (TCA-3-S; TLCA-3-S), were compared in germfree (GF) rats, conventional (CV) rats, and in gnotobiotic rats associated with Clostridium Cl-8 or this same strain Cl-8 plus the bile desulfating Clostridium S1, respectively. TCA and TLCA were about two times more rapidly excreted by CV animals than by GF animals; the time required for 50% excretion of total label injected (t 1/2) was 6.6 days vs 14.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe intestinal content, the mucosa and the rest of the intestinal wall of germfree (GF) and conventional ( CVL ) rats were tested for in vitro hydrolysis of [3H]estrone sulfate. In homogenates from GF rat intestine some estrone sulfate hydrolysis was detected in those from the proximal small intestine (PSI) (4.2 +/- 0.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Steroid Biochem
April 1984
Desulfation of bile acid 3-, 7- and 12-monosulfates was studied in incubates of fecal flora of man, rat and mouse. In anaerobic incubates, the 3 alpha-sulfates of the 5 beta-bile acids chenodeoxycholic acid and cholic acid, as well as the 3 alpha-sulfate of the 5 alpha-bile acid allochenodeoxycholic acid, were desulfated and further metabolized with the formation of a variety of metabolites. Desulfation yields were low in aerobically incubated samples, and aerobic subcultures were always negative.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Steroid Biochem
April 1983
Steroids are extensively excreted in the bile of rats. There was no significant difference in biliary excretion of steroid following administration of [3H]-estrone sulfate into the proximal small intestine (PSI) of conventional (CVL; 17.8 +/- 62%; mean +/- SD) or germfree (GF; 28.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAppl Environ Microbiol
November 1982
Clostridium sp. strain S1, an unnamed bile acid-desulfating strain from rat intestinal microflora (S.M.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAppl Environ Microbiol
January 1982
Bile acid sulfates, formed in human and rat livers, are desulfated by the intestinal microflora. In our study we first isolated from conventional rat feces an unnamed bacterium, termed strain S1, which desulfated the 5 beta-bile salt 3 alpha-sulfates in vitro and in vivo after association with gnotobiotic rats. Strain S1 also possessed 12 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and bile salt-deconjugating activities.
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