Construction of ICG encapsulated WO@MSN as a fluorescence carrier for real-time tracked photothermal therapy.

Photothermal therapy (PTT) has drawn tremendous attention because of its high therapeutic efficiency in targeting cells while minimizing the damage to normal tissues and organs. Tungsten oxide (WO, WO) plays a pivotal role in PTT development and its use in PTT systems has been extensively studied. However, it is difficult to control morphology of WO through conventional hydrothermal method.

[Mechanisms and applications of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in analgesia].

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), as a non-pharmacological and non-invasive analgesic therapy with low-cost, has been widely used to relieve pain in various clinical applications, by delivering current pulses to the skin area to activate the peripheral nerve fibers. Nevertheless, analgesia induced by TENS varied in the clinical practice, which could be caused by the fact that TENS with different stimulus parameters has different biological mechanisms in relieving pain. Therefore, to advance our understanding of TENS in various basic and clinical studies, we discussed (1) neurophysiological and biochemical mechanisms of TENS-induced analgesia; (2) relevant factors that may influence analgesic effects of TENS from the perspectives of stimulus parameters, including stimulated position, pulse parameters (current intensity, frequency, and pulse width), stimulus duration and used times in each day; and (3) applications of TENS in relieving clinical pain, including post-operative pain, chronic low back pain and labor pain.

Simulation and experimental study of DC electric field distribution characteristics of rat hippocampal slices in vitro.

Direct current (DC) electric field is a noninvasive neuromodulation tool that can inhibit or facilitate excitability of neurons. Despite its efficacy, the dielectric constant of artificial cerebrospinal fluid and the position and direction of brain slices and other factors can affect the field intensity and distribution acting on the surface of rat hippocampus slices, thus causing errors. In this study, we describe a new analytical method optimized for DC electric fields acting on brain slices, and the design of an external DC electric field stimulator to allow scientific evaluation of brain slices.

[Noninvasive measurement of the human RBC concentration based on BP NN model].

In the present article, the BP neural network's arithmetic model is applied to the noninvasive detection of the concentration of the red blood cell of human body. Due to the use of BP neural network in the modeling and analysis of the dynamic spectrum data and the actual measured value of the red blood cell, the authors get a better result which refers to that the output value tracks the expected result very well. The related coefficient R can reach 0.

[The analysis for improving the SNR of blood components noninvasive measurement with DS method].

In order to increase the accuracy of blood components measurement and enhance the stability of prediction model, the quantitative signal-noise-ratio (SNR) analysis of measuring instruments based on dynamic spectrum (DS) and preprocessing method was conducted. The SNR of DS is increased after adding boxcar integrator, decreasing wavelength revolution, balancing the DS's SNR and excluding gross errors in preprocessing according to experiment results. Two volunteers were tested continuously for many times using the DS data acquiring system.

[The effects of signal to noise ratio of instrument and number of wavelengths on the accuracy of spectral analysis].

In order to study the influence of the two factors, the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of instrument and number of wavelengths, on the accuracy of quantitative analysis in spectral modeling analysis, the influences of different SNRs, the number of wavelengths participating in partial least square regression, and multi-wavelength modeling in different SNR bands were taken into account. The relationships between these factors and quantitative analysis accuracy were explored by modeling analysis experiments. The results show that the analysis accuracy is directly related to the SNR of instrument.

[Effect of different distribution of components concentration on the accuracy of quantitative spectral analysis].

In order to discuss the effect of different distribution of components concentration on the accuracy of quantitative spectral analysis, according to the Lambert-Beer law, ideal absorption spectra of samples with three components were established. Gaussian noise was added to the spectra. Correction and prediction models were built by partial least squares regression to reflect the unequal modeling and prediction results between different distributions of components.

[Contrastive study on dynamic spectrum extraction method].

Dynamic spectrum method extracts the absorbance of the artery pulse blood with some wavelengths. The method can reduce some influence such as measurement condition, individual difference and spectrum overlap. It is a new way for noninvasive blood components detection However, how to choose a dynamic spectrum extraction method is one of the key links for the weak ingredient spectrum signal.

[The concentration resolution of complex liquid spectrometry analysis and the effect of concentration distribution].

In order to ensure the feasibility of complex liquid spectroscopy analysis, to analyze the accuracy gain of modeling by multi-wavelength, and to determine the appropriate distribution of concentration to obtain the high quality and universal quantitative analysis model, the precision of the detection of composition concentration by spectral analysis is illustrated through a error analysis which takes into account the following three contributions: spectral instrument noise, multi-wavelength modeling and the distribution of composition concentration. By concentration resolution analysis, the concentration resolution can be achieved when the spectrometer noise is available, but also the theoretical basis is provided to select a suitable spectrometer to meet the resolution requirement of quantitative analysis. Over-sampling technique indicates that the precision improvement by modeling with multi-wavelength can obtain higher concentration detection sensitivity.

[Equalization of whole-band signal's SNR in the blood components noninvasive measurement].

To fully extend the category of blood components that can be noninvasively measured by dynamic spectrum (DS) method and to increase its measuring precision, an overall consideration of light source, tissue absorption and sensor's sensitivity was made. Compensating the light source and adding the telecentric lens not only expand the spectral effective detecting range, but also balance the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the photoelectric pulse in the whole band equalization. The integral SNR of DS signal was increased and the measurement bandwidth was expanded.

[Non-invasive measurement of human blood cholesterol concentration based on dynamic spectrum method].

For non-invasive measurement of human blood cholesterol concentration, this experiment was carried out on 80 volunteers clinically. In vivo dynamic spectra of fingers were achieved and biochemical examinations of blood components contents including cholesterol were get as soon as possible. BP artificial neural network with inputs of dynamic spectra plus energy of harmonic waves processed by Principal Components Analysis(PCA) was used to establish the model of the total cholesterol values.

[Research on the measurement of urinary albumin by visible-near infrared spectroscopy].

The urinary albumin (UMALB) is the most reliable diagnostic indicator of renal injury in clinical. Attempting to realize the rapid and free reagent measurement of UMALB, the visible-near infrared multiple optical path length spectra of 207 urine samples were collected. By the nonlinear characteristics of multiple optical path length spectra, more information about the component of sample contents can be obtained.

[Single-trial estimation of dynamic spectrum].

To improve the efficiency and accuracy of the dynamic spectrum data processing, the method of single-trial estimation was adopted. First, the rising edge of the whole band PPG was extracted, which was calculated by averaging superimposed collected photoelectric plethysmography (PPG) at all wavelengths as a template per single pulse; Second, this template was used to correct the rising edge of PPG at all wavelengths, and the difference of absorbance was calculate, and then a single-trial DS was obtained; finally, the single-trial DS which contained the gross error under the 3sigma criterion was removed, and then the remaining superimposed single-trial DS was averaged as the final output of the DS. Data measured from 10 volunteers were compared with the results of the extraction in frequency domain: the correlation coefficient distribution of the DS from the same finger of the same individual was improved from 0.

[Application of wavelet transform on improving detecting precision of the non-invasive blood components measurement based on dynamic spectrum method].

Time-varying noises in spectra collection process have influence on the prediction accuracy of quantitative calibration in the non-invasive blood components measurement which is based on dynamic spectrum (DS) method. By wavelet transform, we focused on the absorbance wave of fingertip transmission spectrum in pulse frequency band. Then we increased the signal to noise ratio of DS data, and improved the detecting precision of quantitative calibration.

[The quality evaluation of dynamic spectrum data].

To eliminate the influence of all factors on non-invasive measurement precision of blood components by dynamic spectrum method during data acquisition process, a quality evaluation criterion of dynamic spectrum data needs to be established to improve the stability of the model and precision of the prediction. The number of stable wavelength as a quality evaluation index for the dynamic spectrum data was presented in this article after further analysis of 110 samples, which were all obtained by in vivo measurements, and 60 samples were picked up as the satisfactory samples. BP artificial neural network was used to establish the calibration model of subjects' total cholesterol, glucose and hemoglobin values against dynamic spectrum data.

[Increasing the precision of the noninvasive blood components measurement based on DS method using harmonic waves].

To improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the dynamic spectrum (DS) data and to increase the stability of the model and the prediction accuracy, the harmonic waves of DS data were introduced into DS method. Sixty samples were determined as the research objects according to the quality of the pulse wave and the distribution of the harmonic waves after further analysis of 110 volunteers' data acquired in vivo. This paper took whether adding the energy of harmonic waves into the DS data as the division standard to generate two groups.

[Research on the blood components detecting by multi-optical path length spectroscopy technique].

To discuss the feasibility of using the serum's multi-optical path length spectroscopy information for measuring the concentration of the human blood components, the automatic micro-displacement measuring device was designed, which can obtain the near-infrared multi-optical path length from 0 to 4.0 mm (interval is 0.2 mm) spectra of 200 serum samples with multioptical path length spectrum of serum participated in building the quantitative analysis model of four components of the human blood: glucose (GLU), total cholesterol (TC), total protein (TP) and albumin (ALB), by mean of the significant non-linear spectral characteristic of blood.