Double synergic chitosan-coated poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid nanospheres loaded with nucleic acids as an intranasally administered vaccine delivery system to control the infection of foot-and-mouth disease virus.

Background & Aims: The spread of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) through aerosol droplets among cloven-hoofed ungulates in close contact is a major obstacle for successful animal husbandry. Therefore, the development of suitable mucosal vaccines, especially nasal vaccines, to block the virus at the initial site of infection is crucial.

Patients And Methods: Here, we constructed eukaryotic expression plasmids containing the T and B-cell epitopes (pTB) of FMDV in tandem with the molecular mucosal adjuvant Fms-like tyrosine kinase receptor 3 ligand (Flt3 ligand, FL) (pTB-FL).

Cinnamyl Chalcone Based AIE Fluorescent Probes for Sensitive Detection of Hydrazine and its Application in Living Cells.

Widely utilized in the chemical industry and agriculture, hydrazine is easily absorbed by living things and can cause physical harm when in touch for an extended period of time. As a result, a novel cinnamaldehyde chalcone C5 was produced by Friedel Crafts process and aldol condensation reaction. Triphenylamine was used as the raw material for hydrazine determination in both reactions.

Identification of p72 epitopes of African swine fever virus and preliminary application.

African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes a highly lethal hemorrhagic viral disease (ASF) of pigs that results in serious losses in China and elsewhere. The development of a vaccine and diagnosis technology for ASFV is essential to prevent and control the spread of ASF. The p72 protein of ASFV is highly immunogenic and reactive, and is a dominant antigen in ASF vaccine and diagnostic research.

ptsI gene in the phosphotransfer system is a potential target for developing a live attenuated Salmonella vaccine.

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium causes invasive non‑typhoidal Salmonella diseases in animals and humans, resulting in a high mortality rate and huge economic losses globally. As the prevalence of antibiotic‑resistant Salmonella has been increasing, vaccination is thought to be the most effective and economical strategy to manage salmonellosis. The present study aimed to investigate whether dysfunction in the phosphoenolpyruvate:carbohydrate phosphotransferase system (PTS), which is critical for carbon uptake and survival in macrophages, may be adequate to generate Salmonella‑attenuated vaccine strains.

Synthesis of nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs) from marigold for detection of Fe ion and bioimaging.

Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are synthesized by the method of high-temperature pyrolysis from marigold granules and subsequently nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs) are synthesized from ethylenediamine by hydrothermal treatment, which shows a strong blue emission with 7.84% quantum yield (QY). This will be used in detection of Fe in water environments and the field of bioimaging.

Effective mucosal live attenuated Salmonella vaccine by deleting phosphotransferase system component genes ptsI and crr.

Salmonella enterica is a major human pathogen that causes invasive non-typhoidal Salmonellosis (iNTS), resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Although a number of pre-clinical and clinical studies have reported on the feasibility of developing a safe and effective vaccine against iNTS, there have been no licensed Salmonella vaccines available to protect against NTS strains. Vaccine formulations of highest priority for NTS are live attenuated vaccines, which can elicit effective induction of intestinal mucosal and intracellular bacteria-specific cell mediated immune responses.

A novel biphenyl-derived salicylhydrazone Schiff base fluorescent probes for identification of Cu and application in living cells.

A novel biphenyl-derived salicylhydrazone Schiff base (BSS) fluorescent probes for highly sensitive and selective identification of Cu has been synthesized. In addition, the recognition has been proved experimentally. The results indicated that the complex forms a 1:1 complex with Cu shows fluorescent quenching.

A new pyrazoline-based probe of quenched fluorescent reversible recognition for Cu and its application in cells.

A new pyrazoline-based probe D was designed and synthesized, which can be used as a highly sensitive, selective and reversible recognizing fluorescent to detect Cu. The recognition properties of this compound was investigated by UV-vis absorption and fluorescence spectrophotometry. The results showed that the probe D forms a 1:1 complex with Cu and displayed a linear fluorescence response to Cu with a detection limit of 1.

Biological function of Foot-and-mouth disease virus non-structural proteins and non-coding elements.

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) represses host translation machinery, blocks protein secretion, and cleaves cellular proteins associated with signal transduction and the innate immune response to infection. Non-structural proteins (NSPs) and non-coding elements (NCEs) of FMDV play a critical role in these biological processes. The FMDV virion consists of capsid and nucleic acid.

Quantitative Detection of the Foot-And-Mouth Disease Virus Serotype O 146S Antigen for Vaccine Production Using a Double-Antibody Sandwich ELISA and Nonlinear Standard Curves.

The efficacy of an inactivated foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine is mainly dependent on the integrity of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) particles. At present, the standard method to quantify the active component, the 146S antigen, of FMD vaccines is sucrose density gradient (SDG) analysis. However, this method is highly operator dependent and difficult to automate.

Productive Entry of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus via Macropinocytosis Independent of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase.

Virus entry is an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. Here, using a combination of electron microscopy, immunofluorescence assay, siRNA interference, specific pharmacological inhibitors, and dominant negative mutation, we demonstrated that the entry of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) triggered a substantial amount of plasma membrane ruffling. We also found that the internalization of FMDV induced a robust increase in fluid-phase uptake, and virions internalized within macropinosomes colocalized with phase uptake marker dextran.

The application of virus-like particles as vaccines and biological vehicles.

Virus-like particles (VLPs) can be spontaneously self-assembled by viral structural proteins under appropriate conditions in vitro while excluding the genetic material and potential replication probability. In addition, VLPs possess several features including can be rapidly produced in large quantities through existing expression systems, highly resembling native viruses in terms of conformation and appearance, and displaying repeated cluster of epitopes. Their capsids can be modified via genetic insertion or chemical conjugation which facilitating the multivalent display of a homologous or heterogeneous epitope antigen.

A long-lasting protective immunity against chronic toxoplasmosis in mice induced by recombinant rhoptry proteins encapsulated in poly (lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles.

Toxoplasma gondii infection in humans and animals is a worldwide zoonosis. Prevention and control of toxoplasmosis based on vaccination is one of the promising strategies. In the present study, recombinant T.

Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of BHK-21 Cells Infected with Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotype Asia 1.

Stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) was used to quantitatively study the host cell gene expression profile, in order to achieve an unbiased overview of the protein expression changes in BHK-21 cells infected with FMDV serotype Asia 1. The SILAC-based approach identified overall 2,141 proteins, 153 of which showed significant alteration in the expression level 6 h post FMDV infection (57 up-regulated and 96 down-regulated). Among these proteins, six cellular proteins, including three down-regulated (VPS28, PKR, EVI5) and three up-regulated (LYPLA1, SEC62 and DARs), were selected according to the significance of the changes and/or the relationship with PKR.

NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation by Viroporins of Animal Viruses.

Viroporins are a group of low-molecular-weight proteins containing about 50-120 amino acid residues, which are encoded by animal viruses. Viroporins are involved in several stages of the viral life cycle, including viral gene replication and assembly, as well as viral particle entry and release. Viroporins also play an important role in the regulation of antiviral innate immune responses, especially in inflammasome formation and activation, to ensure the completion of the viral life cycle.

Viroporin Activity of the Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Non-Structural 2B Protein.

Viroporins are a family of low-molecular-weight hydrophobic transmembrane proteins that are encoded by various animal viruses. Viroporins form transmembrane pores in host cells via oligomerization, thereby destroying cellular homeostasis and inducing cytopathy for virus replication and virion release. Among the Picornaviridae family of viruses, the 2B protein encoded by enteroviruses is well understood, whereas the viroporin activity of the 2B protein encoded by the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) has not yet been described.

[Rescue of the recombinant infectious bronchitis virus with the ectodomain region of H120 spike glycoprotein].

To explore the expression potential of heterogeneous genes using the backbone of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) Beaudette strain, the ectodomain region of the Spike gene (1,302 bp) of IBV H120 strain was amplified by RT-PCR and replaced into the corresponding location of the IBV Beaudette strain full-length cDNA. This recombinant was designated as BeauR-H120(S1). BeauR-H120(S1) was directly used as the DNA template for the transcription of viral genomic RNA in vitro.

Full-length genomic characterizations of two canine parvoviruses prevalent in Northwest China.

Canine parvovirus (CPV) can cause acute hemorrhagic diarrhea and fatal myocarditis in young dogs. Currently, most studies have focused on the evolution of the VP2 gene, whereas the full-length genome of CPV has been rarely reported. In this study, the whole genomes of CPV-LZ1 and CPV-LZ2 strains prevalent in Northwest China were determined and analyzed in comparison with those of the reference CPVs.

Three-dimensional structure of foot-and-mouth disease virus and its biological functions.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), an acute, violent, infectious disease of cloven-hoofed animals, remains widespread in most parts of the world. It can lead to a major plague of livestock and an economical catastrophe. Structural studies of FMD virus (FMDV) have greatly contributed to our understanding of the virus life cycle and provided new horizons for the control and eradication of FMDV.

Topology and biological function of enterovirus non-structural protein 2B as a member of the viroporin family.

Viroporins are a group of transmembrane proteins with low molecular weight that are encoded by many animal viruses. Generally, viroporins are composed of 50-120 amino acid residues and possess a minimum of one hydrophobic region that interacts with the lipid bilayer and leads to dispersion. Viroporins are involved in destroying the morphology of host cells and disturbing their biological functions to complete the life cycle of the virus.

Virus-like particles in picornavirus vaccine development.

Virus-like particles (VLP), which are similar to natural virus particles but do not contain viral genes, have brought about significant breakthroughs in many research fields because of their unique advantages. The ordered repeating epitopes of VLP can induce immunity responses similar to those prompted by natural viral infection; thus, VLP vaccines are regarded as candidate alternatives to whole-virus vaccines. As picornavirus has serious impacts on human and animal health, the development of efficient and safe vaccines is a key endeavor in preventing virus infections.

Self-assembly of virus-like particles of canine parvovirus capsid protein expressed from Escherichia coli and application as virus-like particle vaccine.

Canine parvovirus disease is an acute infectious disease caused by canine parvovirus (CPV). Current commercial vaccines are mainly attenuated and inactivated; as such, problems concerning safety may occur. To resolve this problem, researchers developed virus-like particles (VLPs) as biological nanoparticles resembling natural virions and showing high bio-safety.

Development and characterization of a recombinant infectious bronchitis virus expressing the ectodomain region of S1 gene of H120 strain.

Infectious bronchitis (IB), caused by infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), is a highly contagious chicken disease, and can lead to serious economic losses in poultry enterprises. The continual introduction of new IBV serotypes requires alternative strategies for the production of timely and safe vaccines against the emergence of variants. Modification of the IBV genome using reverse genetics is one way to generate recombinant IBVs as the candidates of new IBV vaccines.

Foot-and-mouth disease virus-like particles produced by a SUMO fusion protein system in Escherichia coli induce potent protective immune responses in guinea pigs, swine and cattle.

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes a highly contagious infection in cloven-hoofed animals. The format of FMD virus-like particles (VLP) as a non-replicating particulate vaccine candidate is a promising alternative to conventional inactivated FMDV vaccines. In this study, we explored a prokaryotic system to express and assemble the FMD VLP and validated the potential of VLP as an FMDV vaccine candidate.

Viroporin activity and membrane topology of classic swine fever virus p7 protein.

Viroporins are a group of viral proteins that participate in viral replication cycles, including modification of membrane permeability and promotion of viral release. Although biological data have been accumulated on viroporion-like proteins of other viruses belonging to family Flaviviridae, the viroporin activity and membrane topology of p7 protein from classical swine fever virus (CSFV), a member of the genus Pestivirus of the family Flaviviridae, are largely unknown. In this study, sequence analysis of the primary structure of p7 polypeptide demonstrates that p7 contains two putative transmembrane regions connected by a short hydrophilic segment.