Bayesian brain theory: Computational neuroscience of belief.

Bayesian brain theory, a computational framework derived from the principles of Predictive Processing (PP), proposes a mechanistic formulation of belief generation and updating. This theory assumes that the brain encodes a generative model of its environment, made up of probabilistic beliefs organized in networks, from which it generates predictions about future sensory inputs. The difference between predictions and sensory signals produces prediction errors, which are used to update belief networks.

Exploring the interplay of clinical reasoning and artificial intelligence in psychiatry: Current insights and future directions.

For many years, it has been widely accepted in the psychiatric field that clinical practice cannot be reduced to finely tuned statistical prediction systems utilizing diverse clinical data. Clinicians are recognized for their unique and irreplaceable roles. In this brief historical overview, viewed through the lens of artificial intelligence (AI), we propose that comprehending the reasoning behind AI can enhance our understanding of clinical reasoning.

Clues for improvement of research in objective structured clinical examination.

While objective clinical structured examination (OSCE) is a worldwide recognized and effective method to assess clinical skills of undergraduate medical students, the latest Ottawa conference on the assessment of competences raised vigorous debates regarding the future and innovations of OSCE. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive view of the global research activity on OSCE over the past decades and to identify clues for its improvement. We performed a bibliometric and scientometric analysis of OSCE papers published until March 2024.

Management strategies for antidepressant-related sexual dysfunction.

Antidepressant-related sexual dysfunction is one of the most frequently met adverse effects for individuals suffering from major depressive disorder. When primary prevention by non-pharmacological measures fails, empirical coping strategies might be proposed. In this article, we present a brief overview of pharmacological strategies for antidepressant-related sexual dysfunction, considering antidepressants and conceivable corrective medications.

From love to pain: is oxytocin the key to grief complications?

While most adults confronted with the death of a loved one manage to grieve, about 10-20% of individuals develop complicated grief, characterized by persistent distress and impaired social skills, or pathological grief, defined by the onset or decompensation of a psychiatric disorder. Little is known about the biological causes of these grief complications. Recent work suggests that oxytocin, a major neuroendocrine hormone regulating many neurocognitive mechanisms, may be involved in this process.

Storm on predictive brain: A neurocomputational account of ketamine antidepressant effect.

For the past decade, ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAr) antagonist, has been considered a promising treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD). Unlike the delayed effect of monoaminergic treatment, ketamine may produce fast-acting antidepressant effects hours after a single administration at subanesthetic dose. Along with these antidepressant effects, it may also induce transient dissociative (disturbing of the sense of self and reality) symptoms during acute administration which resolve within hours.

Drug-induced delusion: A comprehensive overview of the WHO pharmacovigilance database.

Introduction: A number of prescribed medicines have been reported in cases of drug-induced delusion, such as dopaminergic agents or psychostimulants. But to this day, most studies are based on a limited number of cases and focus on a few drug classes, so a clear overview of this topic remains difficult. To address this issue, we provide in this article a comprehensive analysis of drug-induced delusion, based on the World Health Organization (WHO) pharmacovigilance database.

[Combination of ketamine and esketamine with Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP) therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder].

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), characterized by the combination of obsession and compulsion, is a clinical and therapeutic challenge. Many patients with OCD do not respond to first-line treatments such as serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and exposure and response prevention psychotherapy (ERP). For these resistant patients, some preliminary studies have shown that ketamine, a non-selective glutamatergic NMDA receptors antagonist, could improve the obsessive symptoms.

[Denial of pregnancy: focus on clinical specificities].

FOCUS ON CLINICAL SPECIFICITIES Denial of pregnancy corresponds to an evolving pregnan¬cy without the woman being aware of being pregnant. It is generally associated with an absence of gravidic signs such as amenorrhea, abdominal swelling, breast tension, morning sickness, or maternal perception of fetal move¬ments. Although this phenomenon is not well known and is sometimes considered a myth by the medical world, it represents a significant public health problem.

[Mother brain: Bayesian theory of maternal interoception during pregnancy and postpartum].

The perinatal period, including pregnancy and postpartum, causes major morphological, endocrinal, and thermal transitions in women. As the fetus grows, abdominal muscle fibers stretch, internal organs such as the bladder or colon move, and the uterine anatomy changes. Many of these changes involve interoception, the perception of internal body signals such as muscle and visceral sensations.

From analytic to synthetic-organizational pluralisms: A pluralistic enactive psychiatry.

Introduction: Reliance on sole reductionism, whether explanatory, methodological or ontological, is difficult to support in clinical psychiatry. Rather, psychiatry is challenged by a plurality of approaches. There exist multiple legitimate ways of understanding human functionality and disorder, i.

Evaluation of Early Ketamine Effects on Belief-Updating Biases in Patients With Treatment-Resistant Depression.

Importance: Clinical research has shown that persistent negative beliefs maintain depression and that subanesthetic ketamine infusions induce rapid antidepressant responses.

Objective: To evaluate whether ketamine alters belief updating and how such cognitive effects are associated with the clinical effects of ketamine.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This study used an observational case-control protocol with a mixed-effects design that nested 2 groups by 2 testing time points.

[Multidimensional and computational theory of mood].

What is mood? Despite its crucial place in psychiatric nosography and cognitive science, it is still difficult to delimit its conceptual ground. The distinction between emotion and mood is ambiguous: mood is often presented as an affective state that is more prolonged and less intense than emotion, or as an affective polarity distinguishing high and low mood swinging around a baseline. However, these definitions do not match the clinical reality of mood disorders such as unipolar depression and bipolar disorder, and do not allow us to understand the effect of mood on behaviour, perception and cognition.

Becoming a Mother During COVID-19 Pandemic: How to Protect Maternal Mental Health Against Stress Factors.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, there were an increasing prevalence of perinatal psychiatric symptoms, such as perinatal anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorders. This growth could be caused by a range of direct and indirect stress factors related to the virus and changes in health, social and economic organization. In this review, we explore the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on perinatal mental health, and propose a range of hypothesis about their etiological mechanisms.

[Perinatal beliefs: Neurocognitive mechanisms and cultural specificities].

Perinatal beliefs contribute to the experience of pregnancy and the process of parenthood. Many of these perinatal beliefs have been perpetuated and evolved over time and throughout the world, exerting their influence on the behavior of pregnant women in interaction with medical recommendations. These beliefs generally offer explanations for gravidic and puerperal phenomena, helping to reduce the uncertainty of parents faced with the biological, psychological and social transitions of pregnancy.

Ketamine Augmentation of Exposure Response Prevention Therapy for Obsessive-compulsive Disorder.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a disabling disease characterized by intrusive thoughts, with compulsions performed to lessen distress. Many patients with OCD do not respond to first-line intervention, such as serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) and exposure and response prevention (ERP) therapy. Previous studies have focused on the use of ketamine, a nonselective N-methyl D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist, for treatment-resistant OCD.

Do Anxiety and Depression Predict Persistent Physical Symptoms After a Severe COVID-19 Episode? A Prospective Study.

Persistent physical symptoms are common after a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) episode, but their pathophysiological mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to explore the association between anxiety and depression at 1-month after acute infection and the presence of fatigue, dyspnea, and pain complaints at 3-month follow-up. We conducted a prospective study in patients previously hospitalized for COVID-19 followed up for 3 months.

An active inference account of protective behaviours during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Newly emerging infectious diseases, such as the coronavirus (COVID-19), create new challenges for public healthcare systems. Before effective treatments, countering the spread of these infections depends on mitigating, protective behaviours such as social distancing, respecting lockdown, wearing masks, frequent handwashing, travel restrictions, and vaccine acceptance. Previous work has shown that the enacting protective behaviours depends on beliefs about individual vulnerability, threat severity, and one's ability to engage in such protective actions.

SARS-CoV-2 Psychiatric Sequelae: An Urgent Need of Prevention.

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for COVID-19 pandemic, caused catastrophic health and social effects, but little is known about its consequences on mental health. Other viral infections have been associated with psychiatric sequelae: infection-triggered disturbing of the immune system and the stressful intensive unit care can cause psychological and psychiatric complications. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 can potentially induce neuronal injuries, leading to neurocognitive disabilities.

Improvement of Tardive Dyskinesia during Mindfulness Meditation.

Background: We report the case of a patient presenting with orofacial tardive dyskinesia (TD), following administration of a first-generation antipsychotic (Loxapine).

Intervention: Four weeks of repeated sessions of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) and mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) protocols were administered, with TD hetero-quantified before and during each session via the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS).

Results: The dyskinesia ameliorated quantitatively and qualitatively (1) during each session, and (2) at resting conditions in the long term.

Association Between Psychological Distress, Cognitive Complaints, and Neuropsychological Status After a Severe COVID-19 Episode: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Cognitive complaints are frequent after COVID-19 but their clinical determinants are poorly understood. This study aimed to explore the associations of objective cognitive performances and psychological distress with cognitive complaints in COVID-19 survivors. Patients previously hospitalized for COVID-19 in a university hospital during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic in France were followed-up at 1 month after their admission.