Percutaneous endoscopically assisted transenteric full-thickness gastric biopsy: initial experience in humans.

Background: GI neuromuscular diseases (GINMD) can cause severe dysmotility and symptoms. Full-thickness biopsy specimens may help diagnose these disorders histologically.

Objective: To assess a novel percutaneous endoscopically assisted transenteric (PEATE) biopsy method for obtaining full-thickness gastric tissue in patients with suspected GINMD.

Liver diseases associated with anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) use for inflammatory bowel disease.

The conventional treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has focused on nonspecifically targeting mucosal inflammation. In the last decade, with the advent of novel biological agents that directly inhibit proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), rapid progress has been made in clinical management of complex and challenging patients with IBD. However, there remain many unanswered questions about the short and long-term side effects; this article focuses on hepatic complications.