Orbital magnetic resonance imaging of giant cell arteritis with ocular manifestations: a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis.

Objectives: We conducted a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis of publications reporting the ophthalmologic presentation, clinical exam, and orbital MRI findings in patients with giant cell arteritis and ocular manifestations.

Methods: PubMed and Cochrane databases were searched up to January 16, 2022. Publications reporting patient-level data on patients with ophthalmologic symptoms, imaged with orbital MRI, and diagnosed with biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis were included.

Otopathologic and Computed Tomography Correlation of Internal Auditory Canal Diverticula in Otosclerosis.

Introduction: Internal auditory canal (IAC) diverticula, also known as IAC cavitary lesions or anterior cupping of the IAC, observed in otopathologic specimens and high-resolution computed tomography (CT) scans of the temporal bone are thought to be related to otosclerosis. Herein, we examined the usefulness of CT scans in identifying diverticula and determined whether IAC diverticula are associated with otosclerosis on otopathology.

Methods: One hundred five consecutive specimens were identified from the National Temporal Bone Hearing and Balance Pathology Resource Registry.

Computed Tomography Density as a Bio-marker for Histologic Grade of Otosclerosis: A Human Temporal Bone Pathology Study.

Hypothesis: Computed tomography (CT) density measurement can be used to objectively distinguish otosclerosis from normal bone and to determine histologic grades of otosclerosis.

Background: Otosclerosis can be seen on CT as subtle radiolucent areas. An objective radiologic measurement that corresponds to known otosclerosis pathology may improve diagnostic accuracy, and could be used as a radiologic biomarker for otosclerosis grade.

CT-based assessment of laryngeal fracture patterns and associated soft tissue abnormality.

Objective: Acute traumatic injuries to the larynx, including fractures of the hyoid bone, cricoid, and thyroid cartilage, are uncommon injuries. The purpose of this study was to assess fracture and soft tissue patterns associated with laryngeal trauma.

Methods: This was a retrospective review of patients with laryngeal fractures who presented to two level I trauma centers and underwent CT imaging.

The Cochlear Cleft: CT Correlation With Histopathology.

Objective: To show the histologic correlate of the cochlear cleft, a small low density focus just anterior to the oval window seen on computed tomography (CT) in three temporal bone specimens.

Patients: Three temporal bone specimens donated to the National Temporal Bone Registry from patients aged 34 weeks gestation, 42 years, and 89 years with cochlear clefts seen on CT were studied.

Intervention: Review and comparison of postmortem high-resolution CT and temporal bone histopathology MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE:: Correlation of CT findings with temporal bone histopathology.

Nontraumatic Head and Neck Emergencies.

Head and neck imaging is an intimidating subject for many radiologists because of the complex anatomy and potentially serious consequences of delayed or improper diagnosis of the diverse abnormalities involving this region. The purpose of this article is to help radiologists to understand the intricate anatomy of the head and neck and to review the imaging appearances of a variety of nontraumatic head and neck conditions that bring patients to the emergency department, including acute infectious and inflammatory diseases and acute complications of head and neck neoplasms. These conditions are presented in five sections on the basis of their primary location of involvement: the oral cavity and pharynx, neck, sinonasal tract, orbits, and ears.

Vestibular Aqueduct Morphology Correlates With Endolymphatic Sac Pathologies in Menière's Disease-A Correlative Histology and Computed Tomography Study.

Hypothesis: The vestibular aqueduct (VA) in Menière's disease (MD) exhibits different angular trajectories depending on the presenting endolymphatic sac (ES) pathology, i.e., 1) ES hypoplasia or 2) ES degeneration.

Individualization of Clinical Target Volume Delineation Based on Stepwise Spread of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Outcome of More Than a Decade of Clinical Experience.

Purpose: Radiation-related toxicity in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is common. There are no well-established guidelines for clinical target volume (CTV) delineation with long-term follow-up. Current consensus continues to rely heavily on bony landmarks and fixed margins around the gross tumor volume (GTV), an approach used to define fields in the conventional 2- and 3-dimensional radiation therapy era.

Arterial Anomalies of the Middle Ear: A Pictorial Review with Clinical-Embryologic and Imaging Correlation.

The differential diagnosis of a red and/or pulsatile retrotympanic mass includes aberrant internal carotid artery, persistent stapedial artery (PSA), glomus tympanicum, and dehiscent jugular bulb. By recognizing the features of aberrant internal carotid artery and PSA on high-resolution computed tomography, these entities can be assessed by the radiologist. PSA is further classified by type because each type demonstrates a unique set of imaging features in addition to features common to all types.

Clinicopathologic and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Analysis of a Multifocal Orbital Lymphoid Tumor.

Objective: To distinguish between a multifocal orbital lymphoid tumor and a major simulator represented by a diffuse lymphaticovenous malformation.

Methods: We performed a comparison of clinical and radiographic (magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) findings of these two disparate entities and demonstrated how a misdiagnosis can be prevented.

Results: Orbital lymphoid tumors develop in adults at around 60 years of age, whereas extensive lymphaticovenous malformations are generally detected in the first decade.

Atypical MRI and Histopathological Findings in Dermoid Cyst.

On images, a dermoid cyst is often described as resembling a "sack of marbles" or "marbles in a bag". Typically, it comprises an inhomogeneity filled with multiple nodules in a fluid matrix on both computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). How it appears, however, will vary depending on its histological contents, which may cause confusion in arriving at a diagnosis.

Noncontrast vestibular schwannoma surveillance imaging including an MR cisternographic sequence: is there a need for postcontrast imaging?

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of a noncontrast MRI protocol that includes a cisternographic sequence (CISS/FIESTA/3D DRIVE) compared to a protocol that includes a gadolinium-enhanced sequence in order to determine whether a noncontrast approach could be utilized to follow vestibular schwannomas.

Methods: A total of 251 patients with vestibular schwannomas who underwent MRI of the temporal bones that included both cisternographic sequence and postcontrast T1 imaging between January 2000 and January 2016 for surveillance were included in this retrospective study. The size of the vestibular schwannomas was independently assessed on a noncontrast MR cisternographic sequence and compared to size measurements on a postcontrast sequence.

Toward Optimizing Cervical Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials (cVEMP): Combining Air-Bone Gap and cVEMP Thresholds to Improve Diagnosis of Superior Canal Dehiscence.

Objective: To develop a novel approach combining low-frequency air-bone gap (ABG) and cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential (cVEMP) thresholds to improve screening for superior canal dehiscence (SCD) syndrome.

Study Design: Retrospective study.

Setting: Tertiary care center.

Chapter 2 Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck-Imaging Evaluation of Regional Lymph Nodes and Implications for Management.

The presence of cervical lymph node metastases is a major prognostic factor in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. The presence of a solitary ipsilateral metastatic lymph node reduces expected survival by almost 50%, and the presence of regional metastatic nodes at the time of presentation is the strongest predictor of recurrence or the development of distant metastases or both. Therefore, accurate identification of metastatic cervical lymph nodes is essential for staging and treatment planning.

Applications of Dual-Energy Computed Tomography for the Evaluation of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

There are multiple emerging applications of dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) for the evaluation of pathology in the head and neck, in particular head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Studies suggest that DECT image sets reconstructed as supplements to routine diagnostic images may improve lesion visualization, determination of tumor extent, and identification of invasion of critical anatomic structures. This article reviews the evidence for the use and potential advantages of supplementary DECT reconstructions for the evaluation of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Low-Energy Virtual Monochromatic Dual-Energy Computed Tomography Images for the Evaluation of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Study of Tumor Visibility Compared With Single-Energy Computed Tomography and User Acceptance.

Objective: Dual-energy computed tomography (CT) 40-keV virtual monochromatic images (VMIs) have been reported to improve visualization of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, but a direct comparison to single-energy CT (SECT) is lacking, and there is debate regarding subjective user preference. We compared 40-keV VMIs with SECT and performed a subjective evaluation of their utility and acceptability for clinical use.

Methods: A total of 60 dual-energy CT and 60 SECT scans from 2 different institutions were evaluated.

A novel thyroid cancer nodal map classification system to facilitate nodal localization and surgical management: The A to D map.

Objectives/hypothesis: To evaluate the effectiveness, reproducibility, and usability of our proposed nodal nomenclature and classification system employed for several years in our high-volume thyroid cancer unit, for the adequate localization and mapping of lymph nodes in thyroid cancer patients with extensive nodal disease.

Study Design: Retrospective review.

Methods: Thirty-three thyroid cancer patients with extensive nodal disease treated from January 2004 to May 2013 were included in our study.

Correlation Between Aspirin Intake and Reduced Growth of Human Vestibular Schwannoma: Volumetric Analysis.

Objective: To determine whether people with sporadic vestibular schwannoma (VS) who take aspirin for unrelated medical reasons exhibit less tumor growth than nonaspirin users. We previously demonstrated the efficacy of salicylates in inhibiting VS growth in vitro, corroborating the results of our retrospective clinical study, which found halted VS growth (based on linear tumor measurements) in aspirin users. The current study evaluates this association using more accurate tumor volumetric measurements, and quantifies the degree of frequency-specific, VS-induced hearing loss.

Imaging of orbital disorders.

Diseases of the orbit can be categorized in many ways, but in this chapter we shall group them according to etiology. Inflammatory diseases of the orbits may be infectious or noninfectious. Of the infections, orbital cellulitis is the most common and typically arises as a complication of acute sinusitis.

Imaging of skull base lesions.

Skull base imaging requires a thorough knowledge of the complex anatomy of this region, including the numerous fissures and foramina and the major neurovascular structures that traverse them. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) play complementary roles in imaging of the skull base. MR is the preferred modality for evaluation of the soft tissues, the cranial nerves, and the medullary spaces of bone, while CT is preferred for demonstrating thin cortical bone structure.

Correlation of CT, MR, and Histopathology in Incomplete Partition-II Cochlear Anomaly.

Objective: To correlate the computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MR) findings in a patient with incomplete partition-type II (IP-II) anomaly with histopathology in a similar human temporal bone specimen. To discover the histologic correlate of a common finding on MR of an "apparent" interscalar septum (IS).

Patients: A patient with sensorineural hearing loss and imaging findings characteristic of IP-II, and a patient with histopathologic IP-II anomaly.

Multiparametric Evaluation of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Using a Single-Source Dual-Energy CT with Fast kVp Switching: State of the Art.

There is an increasing body of evidence establishing the advantages of dual-energy CT (DECT) for evaluation of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Focusing on a single-source DECT system with fast kVp switching, we will review the principles behind DECT and associated post-processing steps that make this technology especially suitable for HNSCC evaluation and staging. The article will review current applications of DECT for evaluation of HNSCC including use of different reconstructions to improve tumor conspicuity, tumor-normal soft tissue interface, accuracy of invasion of critical structures such as thyroid cartilage, and reduce dental artifact.

Imaging of Conductive Hearing Loss With a Normal Tympanic Membrane.

Objective: This article presents an approach to imaging conductive hearing loss in patients with normal tympanic membranes and discusses entities that should be checked as the radiologist evaluates this potentially complicated issue.

Conclusion: Conductive hearing loss in a patient with a normal tympanic membrane is a complicated condition that requires a careful imaging approach. Imaging should focus on otosclerosis, and possible mimics and potential surgical considerations should be evaluated.